essay: paragraphs and linking words

• Engels
• Middelbare school

Paragrahs & linking words

Essay writing lesson 2

At the end of this lesson, you will:

- know how many paragraphs an essay for B2 Fist has

- know 5 hooks you can use in an introduction

- know 4 techniques you ca use in your conclusion

- what a paragraph is

- recognise and be able to use the different linking words

The Structure of an Essay

 An essay must be built around a central question. Build your writing around one central question of the essay. That central question is de engine of the writing!!

 To do that you must analyse that question and its possible answers.

 Throughout the prewriting, writing and rewriting stages keep your focus on the central question.

Essay writing outside Cambridge often uses a prompt

_{Five common hooks}

1. Use a quote - "I don't doodle on it. It's too important to me! I do decorate it, though."

2. ask a question - Are you the kind of person who hands in assignments late, and misses practices?

3. Make a strong announcement - Budgeting your time, is the key to happiness.

4. ask a riddle - what's 14 x 18 cm, and filled with pink and yellow highlighted assignments?

5. a very short story - The ear buds were already in my ears, but I still took one more look at my assignment book. Nothing coloured yellow or pink. No assignments due this week. I pushed the Spotify app on my Iphone, and leaned back in the easy chair.

Cambridge: rephrase in own words is obligitary

P.E.E. Stands for Point, Explanation , Evidence

 Each body paragraph should make a point or argument in favour of the central question, followed by an explanation of this point AND evidence to back it up.

 Mind-mapping can be helpful at this stage as it gives you visual reference.

Name a number of types of 'linking words'

Emphasis

Addition

Contrast

Result

however

in contrast

above all

furthermore

nevertheless

most importantly

on the other hand

consequently

certainly

besides

moreover

what is more

due to

therefore

so

that is why

for instance

although

in fact

Which word do we NOT use to give an example?

1. for example
2. namely
3. for instance
4. furthermore

Now let's practise

I like sugar in my tea, .......... I don't like milk in it.

1. or
2. but
3. so
4. moreover

He was late ........ the bus didn't come.

1. or
2. if
3. because
4. why

They climbed the mountain...... it was very windy.

1. although
2. after
3. so
4. because

.......... I finished school, I went to New Zealand.

1. Although
2. After
3. So

Which linking word is the odd one out?

1. as well as
2. furthermore
3. also
4. for example

Which linking word is the odd one out?

1. in addition
2. additionally
3. however
4. moreover

Which linking word is the odd one out?

1. therefore
2. such as
3. for instance
4. for example

Which linking word is the odd one out?

1. as a result
2. consequently
3. besides
4. therefore

Fill in the correct linking word:
Climates are changing ______ global warming.

1. in spite of
2. as a result of
3. in order to
4. although

Fill in the correct linking word:
We don't take global warming seriously enough ________ rising ocean levels and floods.

1. though
2. as a result of
3. because of
4. in spite of

Fill in the correct linking word:
He could read and write
______ being blind.

1. despite
2. as a result of
3. although
4. besides

Crossbreeds are more likely to escape the sometimes painful exaggerated physical features or inherited diseases plaguing some pedigree animals. Some show dogs have skulls that are too small for their brains, or suffer from breathing problems. ___________ the Dogs Trust and the RSPCA pulled out of the show, in 2008. The BBC also dropped the show from its programming that year after its request for certain breeds to be excluded was rejected.

1. For example,
2. In the meantime,
3. On top of that,
4. That is why

Most early silent films were destroyed when talkies were introduced at the end of the 1920s. The cellulose nitrate film on which they were produced was often melted down for its silver content. ______ , they were dangerous to store as the nitrate was very easily flammable.

1. As a result
2. In the meantime
3. Nevertheless
4. On top of that

Essay writing lesson 2

At the end of this lesson, you will:

- know how many paragraphs an essay for B2 Fist has

- know 5 hooks you can use in an introduction

- know 4 techniques you ca use in your conclusion

- what a paragraph is

- recognise and be able to use the different linking words

On a scale of 1 to a 100, how well do you feel this lesson has helped you learn about essay writing?

0100

Type your question or the aspect of essay writing you need more help with here.

Extra

Now do the following exercise:

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/word_order/conjunctions2.htm

What are 'linking words'?

The words:
And, In addition, As well as,
Also, Too, Furthermore, Moreover, Apart from
In addition to ,Besides
Are used to .......?......information

1. explain
2. summarise
3. add
4. order

The words: In short
In brief, In summary,To summarise, In a nutshell, To conclude
In conclusion

Are used to ......?........information

1. summarise
2. explain
3. order
4. give examples of

The words: The former,
Firstly, secondly, finally, The first point is,
Lastly, The following

Are used to:

1. summarise
2. Add information
3. explain
4. order

The words: Due to / due to the fact that,
Because, Because of, Since, As

Are used to:

1. explain / give a reason
2. order
3. summarise
4. indicate a contradiction

The words: Therefore, So, Consequently
This means that, As a result

Are used to:

1. indicate consequence
2. order
3. summarise
4. give examples

The words: But, However, Although / even though
Despite, In spite of / in spite of the fact that
Nevertheless, Nonetheless

Are used to:

1. summarise
2. indicate a contrast
3. to explain
4. order

"A picnic just wouldn’t be a picnic without the great British weather trying to ruin it. Jon Hacker and his family were prepared for that – what they didn’t count on, ________ , was a pair of overenthusiastic council officers trying even harder."

1. for example
2. however
3. likewise
4. therefore

Reader - pages to help with writing

p 17-19: what are synonyms, phrasal verbs and collocations

p 23-26: stappenplan, editing, beoordeling (eerder besproken)

p 27-34: linking words, synonyms etc.

p 36-37: tenses