Unit 11_Adjectives vs Adverbs - the basics

Adjectives (bijvoegelijke nmw.)
Modifies a noun -> a GREEN door

Comparative form: -ER /MORE THAN (i.e. larger than)
Superlative form: (THE) -EST/MOST (i.e. the largest)

  • One-syllable adjectives -> -er/-est (bigger/biggest, smaller/smallest, darker/darkest etc.)

  • Two-syllable adjectives -> 
emphasis on first  syllable -> more/most (more certain/most doubtful etc.)
emphasis on second syllable -> - er/ -est (politer/politest; severer/severest etc.)
adjectives ending in -ow/-le/-er/-some/-y -> -er/-est (narrower/narrowest; handsomer/handsomest etc.)

  • Three-syllable adjectives -> more/most
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Slide 1: Diapositive
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Adjectives (bijvoegelijke nmw.)
Modifies a noun -> a GREEN door

Comparative form: -ER /MORE THAN (i.e. larger than)
Superlative form: (THE) -EST/MOST (i.e. the largest)

  • One-syllable adjectives -> -er/-est (bigger/biggest, smaller/smallest, darker/darkest etc.)

  • Two-syllable adjectives -> 
emphasis on first  syllable -> more/most (more certain/most doubtful etc.)
emphasis on second syllable -> - er/ -est (politer/politest; severer/severest etc.)
adjectives ending in -ow/-le/-er/-some/-y -> -er/-est (narrower/narrowest; handsomer/handsomest etc.)

  • Three-syllable adjectives -> more/most

Slide 1 - Diapositive

Irregular adjectives
  • bad/worse/worst
  • good/better/best
  • ill/worse/worst (She is still ill now, but yesterday she was even worse)
  • little/less/least (She has always had little money, but she has even less now than before.)
  • much/many -> more/most
  • far/further/furthest (place + time + degree)
  • far/farther/farthest (distance)
  • old/older/oldest
  • old/elder/eldest (comparing ages of relatives) (Her elder brother never comes home anymore.)

Slide 2 - Diapositive

Note
Some adjectives follow the noun instead of preceding it:

people/animals (some things) are: 
upset/afraid/asleept/ill/ashamed/alive/poor/late/early/small



Mind the difference:
She is poor/ She is a poor piano player
He is heavy/ He is a heavy drinker
He is small/He is a small farmer
To be early/late VS an early/late train (vroeg/laat vertrekken)
te laat = too late

Slide 3 - Diapositive

Comparisons (vergelijkingen)
as ... as (not as tall as)
not so .... as
like/as (Why don't you study like/as I do?)
more and more (steeds)
the ...the (hoe ....hoe) -> the more the merrier; the sooner, the better/ the more I see, the better I understand 
than (A!!) -> comparative
then (E!!) -> adverb of time 

Slide 4 - Diapositive

The + adjective
The rich, the poor, the French etc.
-> to indicate a group


The supernatural, the beauty
-> to refer to sth. abstract

Slide 5 - Diapositive

Copulas (kww) + adjective
Copulas (lijken/blijken/schijnen/blijven/worden/zijn) take an adjective (no adverbs):
  • to appear = lijken, blijken (She appeared to be shy, yet nothing could be further from the truth!)
  • to be = zijn (It is beautiful!)
  • to become = worden (She became famous.)
  • to get = worden (It got better.)
  • to grow = worden (He grew bald.)
  • to keep = blijven (His face kept frozen.)
  • to prove = blijken (It proved to be the best choice.)
  • to remain = blijven (She remains calm under all circumstances.)
  • to seem = schijnen  (She seems to always be right.)
  • to stay = blijven (She has always stayed young in spirit.)
  • to turn = worden (Suddenly he turned evil.)

Slide 6 - Diapositive

Other verbs + adjective
  • To be born (poor)
  • To die (rich)
  • to return (happy) but "to return quickly"

Note: your TB mentions: to go/to run -> these take an adverb (to run fast/to go immediately etc.)

Five senses:
  1. To feel
  2. To smell
  3. To sound
  4. To look 
  5. To taste

Slide 7 - Diapositive

Adverbs(bijwoorden)
  • Adds "how" to a verb -> Please drive safely/Open the box carefully

  • Adds "how"/"to what extent" to an adjective -> She is extremely slow / It was really awesome!

  • Adds to another adverb -> She knows him really well. / We found the address  fairly easily.

  • Says something about an entire sentence/clause -> Apparently, he failed his exam. / Surely, you must be joking!

Slide 8 - Diapositive

Functions of adverbs
  1. Adverbs of manner (to behave badly, to dance beautifully, to sing beautifully)
  2. Adverbs of place (It happened here/there/always/everywhere)
  3. Adverbs of time (immediately/eventually/recently)
  4. Adverbs of frequency (often/usually/frequently)
  5. Adverbs of degree (absolutely/fairly/completely)
  6. Sentence adverbs (presumably/obviously/naturally)

Slide 9 - Diapositive

Form of adverbs + exceptions TB p.177/8
One syllable -> -er/-est
 

Slide 10 - Diapositive

Adverbs - comparisons
A) One syllable -> -er/-est (hard/harder/hardest; soon/sooner/soonest)
B) Irregular forms:
  • well/better/best (I like this movie best)
  • much/more/most (I love you more.)
  • little/less/least (She could care less. / He cares the least.)
  • badly/worse/worst (He treated her badly, but she treated him even worse.)
  • ill/worse/worst (He was ill, and his condition got worse. He missed her worst of all.)
  • far/further/furthest (place + time + degree) -> It took her further than she had imagined. The further you think of it , the more you start to doubt it.)
  • far/farther/farthest (place) -> The farthest he had ever travelled was Drachten.
C) All other adverbs ending in -LY -> more/most (She examined it most carefully; He started to walk more quickly.)

 

Slide 11 - Diapositive

Adverbs - comparisons
  • as .... as / not as ...as / not so ....as  (He couldn't run as fast as his friend could)
  • than (She could eat more quickly than he could.; He shouted more loudly than all the others.)
  • the ..... the  (The better you study, the more you know!)
  • the best/worst/fastest etc. (He ran the fastest.; She worked (the) hardest of them all.; I always liked him (the) best.)

Slide 12 - Diapositive

Adverbs - place in sentence
  • Place before time (P < T) -> She played a tennis match in London last year. TB p. 180!
  • Adverbs of frequency (always, sometimes, usually, never, seldom etc.):
      1 verb -> precedes verb (I always leave home too late.)
      form of "to be" -> after "to be (I was sometimes too late, but she was never late.)
     2 or more verbs -> after 1st verb (I can hardly believe what you said to me.; I must really let you go now.)
  • questions -> after subject (Can you actually believe that? Would you really fall for that?)




Slide 13 - Diapositive

Negative adverbs - inversion
Inversion is verb followed by subject in affirmative sentence

(affirmative sentences have S/V/O ; questions have V/S/O)

  • Seldom have I seen such beauty.
  • Hardly had he left, or she started to panick.
  • Only then did he realize he missed her.
  • Rarely have I been so wrong!

Slide 14 - Diapositive