Linguistics Ch 17 Language History and Change_TV

Study of Language week 4
1 / 44
suivant
Slide 1: Diapositive
CommunicatieHBOStudiejaar 2

Cette leçon contient 44 diapositives, avec quiz interactifs et diapositives de texte.

Éléments de cette leçon

Study of Language week 4

Slide 1 - Diapositive

Today's lesson
  • recap ch. 10 & 11 (Pragmatics & Discourse Analysis)
  • introduction ch. 17 (language history and change)
  • information/introduction chapters of choice 

Slide 2 - Diapositive

D)understandig the meaning of a word by looking at co-text is using  __________
A) here & there are examples of  __________
B) asking a question to express criticism is an example of  __________
C) you can damage someone's public self-image by using a __________
E) when a speaker makes use of assumptions about (general) knowledge a listener has:  __________
F) the listener’s ability to recognize what is meant: _________
inference
an indirect speech act
a face threatening act
the linguistic context
spatial deixis
presupposition

Slide 3 - Question de remorquage

And you? - Me too
According to Penny
question mark or full stop
but.... ehmm... 
come to think of it, 
adjacency pair
hedge; maxim of quality
completion point
filled pause
hedge: maxim of relation

Slide 4 - Question de remorquage

Language history and change

Slide 5 - Diapositive

Learning objectives for today:  
By the end of this session you will be able to
  • Recognize and give examples of some linguistics terminology concerning language development and language families.
  • Explain what cognates & false friends are, and explain their role in language reconstruction.
  • Understand the meaning and principles of language reconstruction.
  • Recognize some historic language changes, esp. for the English language.

Slide 6 - Diapositive

How many living languages are there in the world approximately?

Slide 7 - Question ouverte

Languages in the world
  • appr. 7117 spoken languages
  • 3,982 have a developed writing system.
  • 30% is endangered


Slide 8 - Diapositive

Which language has the greatest number of native speakers?

Slide 9 - Question ouverte

Which language is spoken by the greatest number of non-native speakers?

Slide 10 - Question ouverte

Papua New Guinea 
840 living languages

Slide 11 - Diapositive

Slide 12 - Diapositive

Slide 13 - Diapositive

Language history
  • Many languages (although they may seem very different) have a common ancestor.
  • If they have a common source; how did they come to be so different?
                                (language development (lack of contact)
  • How come  some languages from different families seem so similar?
                                (loan words and other influences (e.g. contact)

Slide 14 - Diapositive

Family connections

  • Like human families; can be quite complex.
  • Family connections are not always clear. (try to discover ‘genetics’)
  • How can a common source  (the common ancestor) be found?

Slide 15 - Diapositive

A way to find the common ancestor: 
Language Reconstruction
  • Proto-language (original form)
  • Cognates: words that developed from the same ancestral source. A word in a language that has a similar form and meaning in another language
      e.g. friend, Freund, vriend (Germanic languages)
               amigo, amico, ami (Latin languages)

Slide 16 - Diapositive

Cognates
Often “basic” words in a language:
  • Numbers / days
  • Relatives
  • Animals
  • Food & drink
  • Body parts

Slide 17 - Diapositive

False friends

Slide 18 - Diapositive

Can you give 2 or 3 words
from the same language family
for 1 concept?

Slide 19 - Carte mentale

Comparative reconstruction
Reconstruct the proto-form from cognates

Procedures: 
  • Majority principle
  • Most natural development principles (changes that are likely). 
  • Sound and word reconstruction


Slide 20 - Diapositive

Example:



Majority principle:
1= corpo, 2. = crudo or cru, 3. = ?


Slide 21 - Diapositive

Example:

Most natural development principle:
  • Final vowels often disappear (vino > vin):
  • Voiceless becomes voiced (..t.. > ..d..)
  • Stops become fricatives ( / k / > / ʃ / )
  • Consonants become voiceless at end (rizu > ris)

Slide 22 - Diapositive

On the basis of the following data and using the majority principle, what is the most likely proto-form?
A
Butter (German)
B
boter (Dutch)
C
butter (English)
D
butter (Swedish)

Slide 23 - Quiz

Based on the most natural development principle of “stops become fricatives”; what seems to be the most likely proto form of the following:
A
geben (German)
B
geven (Dutch)
C
give (English)

Slide 24 - Quiz

History of the English language
  • Old English (Anglo-Saxon)
  • Middle English
  • (Early) Modern English

Slide 25 - Diapositive

Invaders:

Slide 26 - Diapositive

Anglo-Saxon is the basis of Old English.

Many basic terms (cognates):
Mann (man)
Wif (woman)
Cild (child)
Hus (house)
Mete (food)
Etan (eat)
Drincan (drink)


Slide 27 - Diapositive

Anglo-Saxon Britain
- Different small kingdoms
- Wars between the kingdoms 
- Viking invasions and Danelaw

- development of Old English also known as Anglo-Saxon English

Slide 28 - Diapositive

Later invaders
Vikings / Norsemen / Danes
787 – 1000
Influence on language: new words, towns (-by, -thorpe), family names (-son)

Slide 29 - Diapositive

More invaders: start of Middle English
1066 – Battle of Hastings.

Slide 30 - Diapositive

French and Latin influence on the Language
French loan words: army, court, defence, prison, beef, pork, religion, armour, saint, clergy. (about 10,000 words, 75% survives in present day English)

Latin loan words: conspiracy, gesture, substitute, intellect, etc

In many cases we will find the influence of history in Modern English:
  • King = Old English
  • Royal = French influence
  • Regal = Latin influence

Slide 31 - Diapositive

Anglo-Saxon / old English
French

Latin


mount
rise
ascend

Slide 32 - Question de remorquage

Slide 33 - Diapositive

Sound changes = (most natural development)

  1. Sounds disappear: hlud- loud    /  knight (now silent letter)
  2. Metathesis = Reversal in position of sounds:                                                                      frist > first                       waeps > wasp         ros > ors (comp. Dutch; paard)
  3. Epenthesis = Addition of a sound to middle of word: timr > timber
  4. Prothesis = Addition of sound to beginning of word: schola > escueala  (not in English!)


Slide 34 - Diapositive

Syntactic changes; Word order
Old English:
Subject + Verb : he ferde
But also: Verb + Subject : ferde he = he travelled
Or: Subject + Direct Object + Verb:
                             he hine geseah = he saw him

Slide 35 - Diapositive

Slide 36 - Diapositive

Semantic changes
Words disappear and new words appear.
(meaning of) words can change:
Broadening:      Holy day > holiday
                                 bridde (small bird in nest) > bird
Narrowing:
                                 hund (dog) > hound (specific kind of dog)
                                 deer (animal) > deer (specific kind of animal)
                                  lust (pleasure in general) > lust (sexual pleasure)                                                           (compare:  Dutch: mijn lust en mijn leven)

Slide 37 - Diapositive

The Old English word “wife” (= woman) is the source of the Modern English word “wife” (= married woman)
What is the technical term used to describe this type of meaning change?

Slide 38 - Question ouverte

Can you give an example of broadening of meaning?

Slide 39 - Question ouverte

Language changes in context
Diachronic: historical perspective over time
(compare Old English and Middle English)
Synchronic: difference within one language in different places and among different groups at the same time.
(compare British English with American English, or upper class English with middle class English.)

Slide 40 - Diapositive

When you compare present day working class English with upper class English, you are looking at:
A
diachronic variations
B
synchronic variations

Slide 41 - Quiz

Learning objectives achieved?  
By the end of this session you will be able to
  • Recognize and give examples of some linguistics terminology concerning language development and language families.
  • Explain what cognates & false friends are, and explain their role in language reconstruction.
  • Understand the meaning and principles of language reconstruction.
  • Recognize some historic language changes, esp. for the English language.

Slide 42 - Diapositive

Next lesson: 
Chapter 18: Language and regional variation


Slide 43 - Diapositive

Slide 44 - Diapositive