T4 @ school support

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 4

8th June 2020 

Terminology. Use terminology actively in your analysis 

Grouping techniques = topic sentences 

Check your understanding of terminology 

Use sentence stems and terminology to analyse an extract 

Grouping techniques 

sound techniques 

structural techniqes 

word classes 

whole text techniques 

sentence forms 

language techniques 

pronoun, proper/common/concrete/abstract noun, adjective, verb, adverb, in/definite article, connective, modal verb, phrasal verb

1. sound techniques
2. Word classes
3. Whole text techniques
4. Sentence forms

topic sentence, simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, short sentence, fragment, exclamation, declaration, question, command

1. Sound techniques
2. Structural techniques
3. Language techniques
4. Sentence forms

paragraph, single sentence/single word paragraph, graphology, cliff-hanger, media res, flashback, circular structure, climax

1. Structural techniques
2. Sound techniques
3. Language techniques
4. Word classes

alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia, rhyme, rhyming couplets, alternate rhyme, half rhyme

1. Language techniques
2. Sound techniques
3. Language techniques
4. Whole text techniques

imagery (sight, sound, taste, touch, smell), simile, metaphor, personification, rhetorical question, symbolism, pathetic fallacy, oxymoron, metonymy

1. Word classes
2. Sound techniques
3. Language techniques
4. Whole text techniques

Narrative point of view (first/second/third person), tense, tone, mood, register

1. Sentence forms
2. Word classes
3. Structural techniques
4. Whole text techniques

Sound techniques 

sentence forms 

word classes 

structural techniques 

language techniques 

whole text techniques 

Which category? 

chronological 

allegory 

understatement 

direct speech 

irony 

chronological

1. whole text techniques
2. Language techniques
3. structural techniques
4. word classes

allegory

1. Whole text techniques
2. Sound techniques
3. Sentence forms
4. Structural techniques

understatement/litotes

1. Language techniques
2. Whole text techniques
3. Sentence forms
4. Word classes

direct speech

1. Sound techniques
2. structural techniques
3. Sentence forms
4. Language techniques

Irony

1. word classes
2. sentence forms
3. sound techniques
4. Language techniques

Look at the techniques 

1. Write down any you do not know. 
2. Look them up online and find an example. 
3. write down in your exercise book those you do not know.
4. Make sure you learn them and can use them.  

useful sentence stems 

Silent quizlet 

1. Stay in your seat
2. silently contact the members of your team 
3. Silently inform them of whether you have the answer 

https:

Grouping techniques 

sound techniques 

structural techniqes 

word classes 

whole text techniques 

sentence forms 

language techniques 

Sentence forms

sentence forms 

• Simple sentence/short sentences = SV/SVO = The hallway smelt of boiled cabbage and old rag mats. /Winston made for the stairs./ It was no use trying the lift.
  
• Complex sentences = Winston turned a switch and the voice sank somewhat, though the words were still distinguishable./Down in the street little eddies of wind were whirling dust and torn paper into spirals, and though the sun was shining and the sky a harsh blue, there seemed to be no colour in anything, except the posters that were plastered everywhere. 
  
• Command/imperative: Only the Thought Police mattered. 
  

Effect 

Speeding up, slowing down, reflecting complexity of thought, balancing longer descriptive sentences with short powerful statements, varying the importance of information (dependent clauses will contain additional, often less important information), rhythm, emphasis created by short punchy simple sentences. 

structural
techniques

Structural techniques 

• paragraph = 4 paragraphs. 1) setting Victory Mansion & Winston 2) Setting hallway Victory Mansion societal structure & Winston 3) Setting flat societal structure & Winston 4) Setting city (country?) societal structure. What is important in this novel? 
  
• Exposition = introducing the world and the characters who inhabit that world. 

Effect 

Immersive 

Very fast and succint delivery of information regarding the most relevant aspects of the world which Wilson inhabits.

Protagonist and antagonist are immediately sketched.

Journalistic style. 

whole text techniques 

POV, tense & tone

Whole text techniques 

• Narrative point of view = Third person. " "Winston made for the stairs." Limited omniscient ? Effect? 
  
• Tense = past - simple/continuous. " It was a bright cold day ..." Effect? 
  
• Tone = apathetic, pessimistic, demoralising, resigned, submissive " "It was no use trying the lift" 
  

Effect ?

'objective' narrative point of view = reliable, trustworthy 

Tense = recounting an event already concluded. Inevitability?

Tone= hopelessness of the situation which sets the reader up to empathise with Wilson and support his subversive acts. 

Language
techniques

Language techniques 

• Imagery = visual (bright..day), auditory ("flat, fruity voice"), tactile/kinesthetic ("gritty dust""roughened by coarse soap" ) olfactory ("smelt of boiled cabbage") gustatory 
• simile = "hovered for an instant like a bluebottle" 
• Pathetic fallacy = "vile wind" "the world looked cold..." "though the sun was shining and the sky was blue ..." 
• Parallelism/repetition  = His hair was..., his face..., his skin... 
• Descriptive adjectives= "smallish, frail figure...fair...sanguine...roughened"

Read your extract

The author uses .... technique in this extract in order to ...  

By this reader can infer ... This conveys/shows/implies/suggests/indicates/connotates ... 

The evidence and effect are intertwined. Several pieces of evidence are needed. 

Write a PEEL paragraph focusing on language techniques. 

The author employs language techniques in order to completely immerse the reader into the dystopian world of the novel from the very beginning. The use of imagery, which appeals to many of the senses, allows the reader to enter quickly into Winston's world. The 'gritty dust' and "roughened [skin]" illustrate Winston's tactile experiences. The olfactory imagery of  "boiled cabbage" connotates with cheap and poor nutrition and indicates that Winston's society is not prosperous. The pessimistic and apathetic tone of the text is further enhanced through the use of pathetic fallacy. "The vile wind"and the fact that "the world looked cold" underline the sinister mood of the extract. The police helicopter is compared in a simile to a "bluebottle'. The connotations to dirt, decay and disease are linked to the police and give us an indication of Winston's opinion towards both the police and the Thought Police. Although the author introduces the protagonist and antagonist in this expostition his main focus is on making Winston's world real and convincing to the reader.