Objective Advanced Unit 10: You live and Learn

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 4

Unit 10 lesson 1 ( week 15)

Exercises Speaking and Reading

• Have quick glance at the photos and texts on pages 64 & 65. 
• Answer the questions in exercise 1 for yourself before moving on.
• Now do exercises 2-5 on the "Studying Aborad" text (page 65)

Don't forget to check your answers and if you've made a mistake, go back to find out why.

Vocabulary Exercises (p.66):

• Exercise 1: complete the table with a verb, noun & adjective of each given word. This is a handy thing to practise with regard to Word Formation exercises you encounter on tests and the Cambridge exam.
• Exercise 2: rewrite the sentences with the word in brackets. Keep in mind: which word matches the one in brackets but is a different part of speech? How can you change the sentence when you use a different part of speech?

"The results of the survey do not allow us to draw any clear conclusions" + CONCLUSIVE 

- conclusions is the noun form of the adjective conclusive

 

OA: Unit 10 lesson 2 ( week 16):

Unit 10 : Participle Clauses

In English, participle clauses are mainly used in writing in order to put a lot of information into one sentence.

There are three kinds of participles in English: 

present participle, past participle and perfect participle.

We can use participle clauses when the participle and the verb

 in the main clause have the same subject. For example:

• Waiting for Ellie, I made some tea. (While I was waiting for Ellie, I made some tea.) 

Present Participle:

The Present Participle is the ing-form. You surely know this form:

• from progressive / continuous tenses – I am speaking.
  
• as an adjective form – The film is interesting.
  
• as a gerund – He is afraid of flying.
  

Furthermore, the present participle can be used to shorten or combine active clauses that have the same subject, e.g. She left the house and whistled. – She left the house whistling. Now, try to shorten these sentences

Past Participle:

The Past Participle is the participle that you find in the third column of lists with irregular verbs. You surely know this form:

  

• from perfect tenses – I have spoken.
  
• from passive voice – The letter was written.
  
• as an adjective form – I was bored to death.
  

The past participle can also be used to shorten or combine passive clauses that have the same subject, e.g. The boy was given an apple. He stopped crying. – Given an apple, the boy stopped crying. Now, try to shorten these sentences.

Perfect participle:

The Perfect Participle can be used to shorten or combine clauses that have the same subject if …

• … one action (the one where the perfect participle is used) is completed before the next action starts, e.g. She bought a bike and cycled home. – Having bought a bike, she cycled home.
  
• … one action has been going on for a period of time when another action starts, e.g. He had been living there for such a long time that he didn’t want to move to another town. – Having lived there for such a long time, he didn’t want to move to another town.
  

The perfect participle can be used for active and passive voice.

• Active voice: having + past participle (Having cooked, he set the table.)
  
• Passive voice: having been + past participle (Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.)
  

Now, try to use the perfect participle in these sentences.

When to use Present Participles:

For an action that happens at the same time as the action in the main clause: 

• Tom lost his keys (while) walking through the park. (Tom lost his keys while he was walking through the park.)
  
• She left the room singing happily. (She left the room as she was singing happily.)
  

The participle clause can come first in literary styles: 

• (While) walking through the park, Tom lost his keys. 

For an action that happens just before another action: 

• Opening the envelope, I found two concert tickets. (I opened the envelope and I found two concert tickets.)
  

When to use Present Participles

For action that is the result of another action:

• Moments later a bomb exploded, leaving three people dead and twelve others injured.
  
• When I entered they all looked at me, making me feel uncomfortable.
  

For a reason for the action in the main clause:

• Having nothing left to do, Paula went home. (Since Paula had nothing left to do, she went home.)
  
• Knowing a little Russian, I had no difficulty making myself understood. (As I knew a little Russian, I had no difficulty making myself understood.)
  
• Working as a sales rep, I get to travel a lot. (I travel a lot because I work as a sales rep.)

Here the subjects of the two actions can be different: 

• The weather being nice, we decided to go for a picnic. (As the weather was nice, we decided to go for a picnic.)

When to use Past Participles

Past participle clauses replace passive voice finite clauses:

• Shocked by the explosion, the people ran for shelter. (The people were shocked by the explosion and ran for shelter.) 
• The musicians stood up, surrounded by thunderous applause. (The musicians stood up while they were surrounded by thunderous applause.)
  

If we want to emphasise that an action happens before another one, we use a passive perfect participle:

• 
  Having been nominated three times for an Oscar, he is one of today's most acclaimed film directors.

When to use Perfect Participles:

If we want to make it clear that an action happens before another one, we use a perfect participle for the earlier action:

• Having washed the car, I noticed a small scratch on the front right fender. (After I washed the car, I noticed a small scratch on the front right fender.)
  

Here the present participle (washing the car) would mean "while I was washing the car". 

If the two actions do not follow each other immediately or if the first action happens over a period of time, we use a perfect participle instead of a present participle for the earlier action:

• 
  Having seen the film before, I didn't want to go to the cinema. 
• Mark knew the town well, having lived there all his life.

Final notes:

So, participle clauses are mainly used in writing in order to put a lot of information into one sentence.

When shortening or combining clauses with a participle construction, keep the following rules in mind:

• Both clauses – 99% of the times – have the same subject.
  
• The less important part becomes the participle clause. Important information should always be in the main clause.
  
• Make sure, you use the correct participle form (see above).
  
• The conjunctions as, because, since and relative pronouns who, which are left out.
  
• The conjunctions before, when are used in the participle clause.
  
• The conjunctions after, while can be used or left out.
  

It’s very important to remember that participle clause and main clause should have the same subject. Otherwise the sentences might sound rather strange:

• I was driving on the motorway, when the baby started to cry. → WRONG: Driving on the motorway, the baby started to cry*.

Practise!

1. OA pages 66 & 67 do exercises 1-5 & Corpus Spot on 
2. Do extra practice using this website: Participle Clauses

Feel like you need more explanation? Watch the 2 videos that follow,