Toetsstof VVT2

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 2

Toetsstof VVT2

Veel

Positieve zinnen (+)

• Much = Ontelbaar (formeel) --> I have much experience with this topic so I think I will be a good fit for this company.
• Many = Telbaar (formeel) --> I am in the possession of many qualities that will benefit your business.
• A lot of --> Tom has a lot of friends in his class.
• Lots of (informeel) --> We had lots of fun in the theme park the other day.

Ontkenningen (-)

• Much = Ontelbaar --> I don't have much time so we need to be quick.
• Many = Telbaar --> There aren't many people in this room that I like.

Vraagzinnen (?)

• Much = Ontelbaar --> How much money do you have in your account?
• Many = Telbaar --> How many subjects do you get taught at school?

Weinig

Positieve zinnen

• Few = Telbaar --> I have few pens that write in yellow ink.
• Little = Ontelbaar --> I have little patience for people who are annoying.

Vraagzinnen

• Few = Telbaar --> Did you have few minutes to spare by the end of the test?
• Little = Ontelbaar --> Does your sister have little interest in reading books?

Een paar / Een beetje

A few = een paar --> I have a few problems with your solution.

A little = een beetje --> We have a little milk left if you want any.

1. I don't have __________ friends in this city.
   
2. Please buy __________ apples at the grocery store.
3. There isn't __________ time left before the movie starts.
   
4. She has __________ books on her shelf.
   
5. I need __________ information before I can make a decision.
   
6. We have __________ milk in the refrigerator.
   
7. There are __________ students in the classroom.
   
8. He has __________ experience in programming.
   
9. I have __________ things to do today.
   
10. They have __________ problems to solve.
11. Is there __________ sugar in the coffee?
    
12. I have __________ work to finish before the end of the day.
    
13. They bought __________ new furniture for their living room.
    
14. There are __________ clouds in the sky today.
    
15. We need __________ volunteers for the charity event.

1. many
2. a few / a lot of
3. much
4. a lot of / a few / few
5. a little bit of / a lot of 
6. a little bit of / a lot of / little
7. a lot of / few / a few
8. little / a little / a lot of
9. a lot of / a few / few
10. a lot of / few / a few
11. a little / little / much
12. a lot of / little / a little
13. a lot of / little / a little bit of
14. a few / few / a lot of
15. a few / few / a lot of

Who, which, whose

• Who --> Verwijst naar mensen
• That is the man who helped me find the exit.

• Which --> verwijst naar dieren of dingen
• An elephant is an animal which has a large trunk.
• That pen, which has a red cap, is very dirty.

• Whose --> verwijst naar bezit van mens/dier/ding
• The girl, whose brother is in my class, is very cute.

That

That --> Als vervanging van who of which:

Mag alleen gebruikt worden wanneer er geen komma in de zin staat

That is the man who/that helped me.

That man, who helped me yesterday, has brown hair.

The dog, which has grey fur, is very fast.

The dog which/that has grey fur is very fast.

Extra

• Whom --> om te verwijzen naar een persoon achter een voorzetsel
• That's the woman for whom I bought some flowers.
• To whom did you send that letter?

• Geen relative pronouns --> Wanneer who of which direct gevolgd wordt door een zelfstandignaamwoord+ werkwoord
• The boy (who/that) I like is kind.
• The dog (which/that) I found was incredibly muddy.

§2.5 Degrees of comparison

Trappen van vergelijking

-er / -est

Bij woorden van één lettergreep gaan de trappen als volgt:

big - bigger than - the biggest

tall - taller than - the tallest

white - whiter than - the whitest

more / most

Bij woorden van twee of meer lettergrepen gaan de trappen als volgt:

beautiful / more beautiful than / the  most beautiful

interesting / more interesting than / the most interesting

stunning / more stunning than / the most stunning

(not) as ... as

Als je wilt zeggen dat 2 dingen (niet) hetzelfde zijn dan gebruik je as ... as (net zo ... als)

You're as tall as my brother.

She is not as old as her cousin.

Your girlfriend is almost as pretty as mine.

Uitzondering 1

Woorden van twéé lettergrepen op -y krijgen ook -er / -est

Happy / Happier than / The happiest

Pretty / Prettier than / The prettiest

Uitzondering 2

Uit je hoofd leren

Good / better than / the best

Bad / worse than / the worst

Little / less than / the least (quantity)

many - much / more than / the most

§3.2 Present Perfect

Wanneer Present Perfect?

1. Iets is eerder in het verleden begonnen en is nu nog steeds zo:
   I have lived here for ten years already.
2. Als iets net is afgelopen en heeft nu een gevolg:
   I have just lost my keys! (gevolg: je kan je huis niet in)
3. Als iets in het verleden is gebeurd maar het is onbekend wanneer:
   My parents have bought a dog.
4. Om te vertellen wat je tot nu toe wel/niet gedaan hebt.
     I have never seen that film before.

Signaalwoorden: for, yet, never, ever, just, already, since, latel, recently

Ezelsbrug = FYNE JAS

ezelsbrug = fyne jas

welk signaalwoord zit niet in fyne jas = lately {maar hoort er wel bij}

F staat voor = for

Y staat voor = yet

N staat voor = never

E staat voor = ever

J staat voor = just

A staat voor = already

S staat voor = since

Hoe ziet de Present Perfect er uit?

• Have + voltooid deelwoord
• I, you, we, they
• Has + voltooid deelwoord
• he, she, it
• Regelmatig: hele werkwoord + ed
• Onregelmatig: 3e vorm

Vragen en ontkenningen

• Vragen: Zet have of has vooraan de zin:
• Have you bought that dog yet?
• Ontkenningen: zet not achter have of has
• He has not won the lottery.

• Je gebruikt dus altijd hetzelfde hulpwerkwoord en voltooid deelwoord!

1 Sarah __________ (finish) her homework.

2 They __________ (visit) Paris several times.

3 The company __________ (not, announce) the new product yet.

4 He __________ (read) three books this month.

5 Maria __________ (live) in this city for five years.

6 We __________ (not, eat) at that restaurant before.

7 The kids __________ (already, play) soccer today.

8 I __________ (lose) my keys. Can you help me find them?

9 How many countries __________ you __________ (visit) in your life?

10 She __________ (never, try) sushi before.

1. has finished
2. have visited
3. has not announced
4. has read
5. has lived / has been living
6. have not eaten
7. have already played
8. have lost
9. have you visited
10. has never tried 

§3.4 Modal Verbs

Kunnen/mogen

Vermogen, vaardigheid of mogelijkheid

•  Can --> alleen bij de tegenwoordige tijd (kunnen)
• I can help you with that if you want
• Could --> 'zou kunnen'
• I could help you with that if you want
• Could --> verleden tijd van can
• I couldn't go to the beach yesterday
• Am/Is/Are/Was/Were/Will be + able to --> gebruikt in alle tijden
• I wasn't able to help him yesterday, I'm not able to help today either, but I will be able to help him tomorrow.

Toestemming

• Can --> alleen in tegenwoordige tijd 
• Dad said I can stay over tonight
• Could --> alleen in verleden tijd
• Dad told me that I could stay over last week
• Be allowed to --> alle tijden
• I was allowed to stay up until 11pm yesterday
• I will not be allowed to go on holiday if I don't pass my exams

Beleefde vragen stellen

• Can --> minder beleefd, vooral met vrienden
• Can you help me with my homework?
  
  
• Could --> beleefder, met onbekenden of oudere mensen
• Dad, could you help me with my chores? 

was/were able to

• Om aan te geven dat je op één bepaald moment in het verleden in staat was om iets te doen
• I was able to buy that new PS5 game for very cheap yesterday. 

§3.5 moeten

Have to

• Om aan te geven dat iets noodzakelijk is of moet
  You have to believe me!
  You had to be there to see it.
  
  
• Om aan te geven dat iets niet hoeft
  You don't have to come to work today.
  She won't have to work anymore if she wins the lottery.

Must

• Om aan te geven dat iets (niet) moet (formeel, wetten, regels)
  You must put your mobile phone in your locker.
   You must not drive too fast or you will get a fine.
  
  
• Om een logische conclusie aan te geven
  She's just run a marathon so she must be tired.
  He must not have studied otherwise he would have passed the test

Should

• Om een advies te geven of te zeggen dat iets (niet) zou moeten
  You should brush your teeth twice a day.
  You shouldn't mistreat people.