5.1 The Industrial Revolution -T-

• History
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 2

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the Time of Citizens and Steam Engines

1800 - 1900

The nineteenth century is also called the Age of Citizens and Steam engines. In this age, an event of great importance occurred: the Industrial Revolution. With its roots in Britain, this revolution spread all over the world and triggered innumerable changes in people’s daily lives.

You will also learn about how tough life was in cities and child labour. During this age, citizens gained more influence in politics and European nations fought bloody wars for riches and power. In the battles they used their highly advanced weapons to conquer big parts of the world.

Typical Aspects:

-Democracy and a parliamentary system

-the Industrial Revolution

-Modern Imperialism

-Liberalism,Nationalism, Socialism and feminism

The Modern Age

What you learn (to do)

1. that during the industrial revolution, work became mechanised and factories were built to house steam engines
2. that industrialisation led to the growth of cities
3. describe the difference between European civilisation before and after the Industrial Revolution
   
4. explain why this revolution started in Britain
   
5. explain how a steam engine works
   
6. explain how cities changed because of the industrialisation
   

people in this lesson

James Watt

Richard Arkwright

James Hargreaves

Queen Victoria

Word Duty

KEY WORDS

Industrial revolution: a radical change in which manual labour was replaced by machines

Modern age: the period in time from 1800 up to now

Entrepreneurs: persons who start or run a business with the goal of making profit

Steam power: an energy source that is derived from heating water; steam is the gas phase of water

Factories: large buildings in which machines are operated to make a product

Services: a work sector in which people offer their service in exchange for money; other sectors are agriculture and industry

Important dates in this lesson:

1712: first steam engine

1750 - 1900: Industrial Revolution

1837 - 1901: Victorian Age

Why did the revolution start in Britain?

There are multiple reasons why Britain was the first country to become industrialised. There were a lot of natural resources and people in this country were interested in technology and progress. There were many harbours to ship goods, but the most important reason is found in agriculture.

Since the seventeenth century, an agricultural revolution occurred in Britain. Here, farmers used new techniques and investment in farming led to an agricultural surplus. Because of the abundance of food, the population in Britain grew. It is estimated that in 1700 there were 5.5 million people, but in 1801 there were 9.3 million and in 1841 it grew to 15.9 million a growth of 60% in just 40 years. More people meant there was a higher demand for products, especially clothes.

Before the industrial revolution, clothes were made by farmers at home, who needed the extra income. But because of the population growth, they could not work their spinning wheels fast enough to satisfy the high demand.

 In the 19th century the most dramatic changes were witnessed in rural areas, where the provincial landscape often became urban and industrialised. Painting by August von Wille (1870).

summarize

1. write down the title of this paragraph (Now you know what question is answered in this paragraph)
2. the second sentence mentions the main reasons. Write them down.
3. From the word "Since" the text focusses on one particular reason. Which one?
4. The most important words are: new techniques - agricultural surplus - population growth - more demand for products - homeworkers could not work fast enough. Write this in a coherent sentence.

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