5.1 Genetics

5. It runs in the family
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BiologieMiddelbare schoolhavo, vwoLeerjaar 3

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5. It runs in the family

Slide 1 - Diapositive

What do you think of when you hear the title: 'It runs in the family'?

Slide 2 - Carte mentale

Which characteristics are passed on from one generation to the next?

Slide 3 - Carte mentale

5. It runs in the family
On inheritance, family trees, genetics and DNA

Slide 4 - Diapositive

5.1 Pass it on!
How did you inherit characteristics from your parents?
Why do some inherited characteristics not show?
What are chromosomes?
Why do siblings look similar to their parents and each other?

Slide 5 - Diapositive

To inherit = to receive a characteristic from an ancestor by genetic transmission. 

  • Genotype = complete set of all inherited characteristics. 
  • Phenotype = set of characteristics that are seen/expressed. 

           Phenotype = genotype + environmental factors. 

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Slide 11 - Diapositive

Environmental change can also have an effect on the phenotype of us humans. Describe an example when your body would change under changing conditions

Slide 12 - Question ouverte

Chromosomes
Inside the cell nucleus are structures called chromosomes
They are DNA strands and contain all of your inherited characteristics

Slide 13 - Diapositive

Normal body cell: 46 chromosomes

Organised in 23 homologous pairs
Each pair has two matching chromosomes. 

How can you tell this is a male karyotype

Slide 14 - Diapositive

genotype
phenotype
XY chromosomes
cannot change!
you inherit this
can sometimes change during your life
you do not inherit this
a scar
Is not always visible

Slide 15 - Question de remorquage

Sperm and egg cells only have 23 chromosomes. Explain why (TIP: think about what happens
during fertilisation).

Slide 16 - Question ouverte

Slide 17 - Diapositive

A rhesus monkey has 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes in its sex cell?

A
46
B
23
C
44
D
22

Slide 18 - Quiz

What is phenotype?
A
The behavior of an organism
B
The environment an organism lives in
C
The genetic makeup of an organism
D
The observable characteristics of an organism

Slide 19 - Quiz

What is an example of a change in phenotype?
A
A tan from sun exposure
B
A genetic mutation
C
A change in personality
D
Eye color inherited from parents

Slide 20 - Quiz

Can you change the phenotype of in individual?
A
Yes
B
No
C
Don't know

Slide 21 - Quiz

Let's do a little inventory..
Which characteristics do you have?
Make sure you write down the results

Slide 22 - Diapositive

I can roll my tongue
YES
NO

Slide 23 - Sondage

Which hand do you write with?
LEFT
RIGHT
NO PREFERENCE

Slide 24 - Sondage

Hand clasping?

Slide 25 - Sondage

Calculate the frequency in the class of tongue rolling

Slide 26 - Question ouverte

Slide 27 - Diapositive

5.2 
How is the gender of a baby determined?
What is the difference between the chromosomes of a sperm cell and those of an egg cell?

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Talking point
Long ago, a king would blame his wife if she had given him only daughters and no sons. He could divorce her and take a new wife who, he thought, could give him a son. This is because only a son could succeed his father to become the new king someday. Discuss with another student why the king was wrong to blame his wife. What biological reason would you give the king in order to change his mind? Also: What are the chances of getting a baby boy? And a baby girl?

Slide 30 - Diapositive

Mitosis and meiosis
Extra information:
Normal cell division =
mitosis 46  46 + 46 (growth, repair)
Reduction division =
meiosis 46 = 23 + 23 + 23 + 23 (gametes)

Slide 31 - Diapositive

Chromosomes and karyotype:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBq1ULWJp_M 
1. Watch the video and make a short summary

Slide 32 - Diapositive

Drag the picture to the correct word
Phenotype
Nucleus
Chromosome
DNA

Slide 33 - Question de remorquage

This is a photograph of a set of human chromosomes, also known as a karyotype. What can you say about this person.
A
This person is male.
B
This person is female.
C
This person has Down's Syndrom (3x)
D
This is not a human karyotype.

Slide 34 - Quiz

Genotype
Phenotype
Risk for a genetic disease

Slide 35 - Question de remorquage

LET'S PRACTISE.
A picture and karyotype of a pea plant from the species Chamaecrista fasciculata. 

3. How many chromosomes do you count?

4. Can the number of chromosomes in a pollen cell of Chamaecrista be even, uneven or both? Explain your answer! 
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Slide 36 - Diapositive