CH4 sec. 4.2 From manual labour to machines

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• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 2

Memo havo 2 TTO

CH4 The age of citizens and steam engines

The Industrial Revolution

sec. 4.2 From manual labour to machines

Industrial Revolution

1750-1850

A major turning point in world histoy

Learning objectives

Main question: How did England change into an industrial society between 1750 and 1850?

• You're able to explain that there is a new means of subsistence: Industry.
• You can explain what the causes were of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain.
• You can explain what constitutes industrialisation.
• You can explain what the difference was between cottage industry and factory work.
• You can describe the consequences of industrialisation.
• You  know the terms and dates of this section.

The first factories

Industrial Revolution

• Great change in Western Europe due tot the arrival of factories and new modes of transport at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century.
• Started in England around 1750
• Before arrival of factories there was cottage industry.
  
• Work which people do home for an employer to earn some extra money.  Used spinning wheels and weaving looms.

The first factories

Cottage indunstry changed when demand for cotton grew. Merchants brought cotton from colonies in Asia and America to England.

Around 1760 craftsmen in England couldn't keep up with growing demand for cotton.

Businessmen and engineers saw opportunities to develop machines that increased production.

Spinning Jenny

1764

• The Spinning Jenny of James Hargreaves reduced the amount of work needed to produce cloth, with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once. This grew to 120 as technology advanced. It required manual power to operate.
  

Water frame

1769

• The Water frame of Richard Arkwright was a spinning frame powered by a water-wheel. The Arkwright water frame was able to spin 96 cotton threads at a time, which was an easier and faster method than ever before.
  

Steam engine

Around 1764 

• First working steam engine of the Industrial Revolution was invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712. It was used to pump water from coal mines.
• James Watt improved the steam engine so it could be used to drive spinning and weaving machines.

Steam locomotive

1825

• Locomotive No. 1 was invented by George Stephenson . Revolutionised freight and passenger transport.

The first factories

New machines were too big to be used in living rooms. Businessmen placed them in large buildings, near rivers. Water provided driving power to run machines in first factories.

Factories using steam engines to drive machines could be built everywhere.

Causes of industrialisation

• Around 1750 England was an enormous empire with many colonies.
• Population growth because mortality dropped.
• Agricultural revolution, 
• Investments by wealthy landowners and traders.
• Invention of the steam engine. 
• Improvements in transport (steam locomotive).
• Large supplies of coal and iron ore.

1750

Consequences of industrialisation

Change from a farming urban society into an industrial society.

• Agriculture was no longer the primary means of subsistence.
• Cottage industry was replaced by mass production. 
• Urbanisation: Rural areas changed into industrial areas with large, densely populated cities.
• Infrastructure: improved connections by land and water (railroads and canals).

Get to work

What? See whiteboard.

How? Alone 

Help? Ask neighbour. Can't figure it out? Ask teacher. 

Time? Until the end of the lesson. 

Done? Learn terms and dates. Ask teacher.