DNA Lesson 5 Gene expression

DNA
Lesson 5 
Gene expression
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DNA
Lesson 5 
Gene expression

Slide 1 - Diapositive

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DNA Lesson 5 Gene expression
Gene regulation in eukaryotes/prokaryotes, gene expression, cell differentiation, epigenetics

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Key words
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Stem cells
Gene expression
Cell differentiation
Epigenetics

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Endosymbiosis theory
Time

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Prokaryote
No nucleus
Circular DNA: no telomeres
DNA in tangle ánd plasmids (small circular DNA)
Small ribosomes
Binary fission

Eukaryote
Yes nucleus
Linear DNA: yes telomeres
DNA in nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts
Big ribosomes
Mitosis and meiosis

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Fast!
No processing

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Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. Therefore, the genes in prokaryotic cells are:
A
all expressed, all of the time
B
transcribed and translated almost simultaneously
C
transcriptionally controlled because translation begins before transcription ends
D
B and C are both true

Slide 9 - Quiz

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Gene expression
Gene expression = the process by 
which the information encoded in 
a gene is turned into a function. 
This mostly occurs via the 
transcription of RNA molecules 
that code for proteins.

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Stem cells

Embryonic stem cells can  develop in all types of cells. When a stem cell divides into two daughter cells one of the cells specializes, the other one stays a stem cell.
Stem cells influence each other because their regulator genes can be switched on or off. If they are switched  'on' then proteins are formed that switch other genes on or off.

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Cell differentiation
Cell differentiation = the process by 
which dividing cells change their 
functional or phenotypical type. It 
involves a switch from one pattern 
of gene expression 
to another.

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Barbapapa: "kunnen worden wat ze willen worden"...
Genetics 
Genetics = the science of genes and how traits are passed on from one generation to the next. 

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Epigenetics p. 392/393
Epigenetics = the study of how your behavior and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work. Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic changes are reversible and do not change your DNA sequence, but they can change how your body reads a DNA sequence. So...
1. NO change in A,C,T or G order, but...
2. DNA can NOT be transcribed onto mRNA

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DNA can not be transcribed into mRNA
Epigenetics: A,C,T or G sequence is not changed

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How come DNA can not be transcribed?
- DNA Methylation
- Histone modification
- Non-coding RNA
... these traits are also passed onto offspring and often reversible
(Not in the test)


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Even though your body changes and you develop new physical and behavioral characteristics, your _______ never changes.
A
archetype
B
phenotype
C
appearance
D
genotype

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The process by which a cell directs a gene to make a certain protein is called
A
Gene expression
B
DNA extraction
C
Chromosome assembly
D
Genetic modification

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Gene expression refers to
A
the molecular structure of DNA
B
the process by which protein manufactures DNA
C
the process by which genetic information in the form of DNA is converted into a gene product, such as an enzyme, through a series of chemical reactions
D
the fact that biological processes rely on chemical reactions

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Which of these statements is true about a specialised cell?
A
The cell has only the genes it needs for its function
B
The cell has a complete set of genes and all of these genes are expressed
C
The cell has a complete set of genes but only a fraction of these genes are expressed

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Different proteins can be expressed from one gene as a result of what?
A
Alternative RNA splicing
B
DNA replication
C
Translation

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How can a person's muscle cells have the same exact DNA sequences as their nerve cells even though they look and perform completely different?
A
the two different cells become mutated
B
the proteins expressed in every cell are different
C
they have different DNA in the two types of cells
D
the genome of the different cells change

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Epigenetics is most concerned with...
A
changes in a person’s genotype resulting from environmental influences
B
the expression of a particular gene as influenced by external inputs
C
environmental influences on gene expression over experiential influences
D
the heritability of genotypes that have been altered over multiple generations

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What are epigenetic modifications?
A
DNA methylation
B
The removal of nucleosomes from the DNA
C
The addition of more nucleosomes to the DNA
D
Mutation of the DNA sequence

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Which of the following is/are true of epigenetic changes?
A
DNA sequences is not changed
B
Move histones to open or close a chromosomal region
C
Are sometimes reversible
D
All of the above

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Remember...
Gene expression can be regulated by a variety of factors, including epigenetic modifications and transcription factors. Changes in gene expression can trigger differentiation and determine the fate of a cell...

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Homework
Answer the questions on worksheet Lesson 5 in Classroom

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