V4 - Revision Units 1-6

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• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 4

V4 - Revision units 1-6

Grammar and vocabulary of OA Units 1-6

Unit 1: Conditionals

Conditional clauses are sentences that start with 'if'/'when' and consist of 2 parts: the if-clause and the main clause. 

They describe the result of something that might happen (in the present or future) or might have happened but didn't (in the past)

• If I lived closer to the cinema, I would go more often.
• If it doesn’t rain for a long time, the earth gets very dry.

Remember?

There are 4 conditional types that you need to know. These are labelled as follows:

How to make:

1. If she had her laptop with her, she
____ (email) me.

1. emails
2. will email
3. would email
4. would have emailed

2. If the teacher gives us lots of homework this weekend, I ____ (not/be) happy.

1. am not
2. won't be
3. wouldn't be
4. would not have been

3. If you mix water and electricity, you
____ (get) a shock.

1. get
2. will get
3. would get
4. would have gotten

4. If we ____ (not/be) so tired, we would go out.

1. not be
2. aren't
3. weren't
4. had not been

5. Our lives would be much easier if you ____
closer to home.

1. work
2. worked
3. would work

6. If we had planned this better, we ______ in so much trouble now.

1. won't be
2. wouldn't be
3. wouldn't have been

Unit 2: Prepositions

Dependent prepositions can come after three types of words: adjectives, verbs and nouns. Let me give you an example of each:

 

• after an adjective: I’m interested in photography
• after a verb: Many young adults still depend on their parents
• after a noun: There is no solution to the problem

The problem is that we don’t always use the same preposition after each type of word – you can be interested in, but keen on, or aware of! All three of these words are adjectives, but each is followed by a different preposition. This is the problem with this. 

1. I'm not very keen ____
having to wear a uniform, but I need the job.

1. in
2. with
3. on
4. about

2. As soon as we arrived ___
Lisbon, we called our friends.

1. at
2. in
3. on
4. to

3. They succeeded ____
forcing the company to accept the deal.

1. in
2. on
3. about
4. with

4. I'm totally hooked ___ that new The Irregulars series on Netflix.

1. with
2. in
3. for
4. on

5. I'm sorry ___ what happened last night.

1. on
2. for
3. with
4. over

6. I'm writing ___ you because I want to ask you a question.

1. at
2. to
3. over
4. with

Unit 3: Wish/if only

We use them to talk about regrets - things we would like to change in our past or present.

Present regrets:

You use wish/if only with a past simple tense to talk about regrets in the present:

- I wish I knew what do to!

- If only we didn't live so far away.

Unit 3: Wish/if only

Past regrets:

You use wish/if only with a past perfect tense to talk about regrets in the present (remember the 3rd conditional?):

- I wish I hadn't eaten that entire chocolate bunny. Now I felt so sick all morning.

- If only I had known you were coming! I would have make cake.

Unit 3: Wish/if only + would

We use wish + would to talk about something in the present we would like to change - usually something that annoys us.

We use: wish ...... + would & full verb

- I wish you wouldn't borrow my clothes without asking!

- Mum wishes it would rain because the garden really needs some water.

We only use wish + would to talk about things that cannot be changed.

1. I wish you _______ so late. I'm tired of always waiting for you!

1. didn't always arrive
2. wouldn't always arrive
3. wouldn't always have arrived
4. hadn't always arrived

2. I’m starving. I wish I _______ breakfast this morning.

1. would have eaten
2. would eat
3. ate
4. had eaten

3. I feel really unhappy! If only I _____
this job last year.

1. didn't accept
2. wouldn't accept
3. hadn't accepted

4. You're not the boss so you can't use the car park. ⇒ I wish I ____
the boss.

1. am
2. was
3. were
4. had been

5. You got hurt because you didn't wear a helmet. ⇒ I wish I ____ a helmet.

1. wear
2. wore
3. had worn
4. will wear

6. Your neighbours make a lot of noise and you hate it. ⇒ If only my neighbours ___ so much noise!

1. didn't make
2. wouldn't make
3. hadn't made

Unit 4: Modals

The modal verbs are: can, could, may, might, will, shall, would, should and must.

Modal verbs always come first in a verb phrase and are followed by a bare infinitive (hele ww.)

- I could hear the dog barking outside.

- You must be joking

When used with a perfect infinitive (have + past participle), modal verbs usually refer to past time:

- He may have caught the train.

- You must have been waiting for hours.

Unit 4: Modals

Modals include modal verbs, semi-modals and other modal expressions. They modify the meanings of main verbs.

- He can't be at home, I've just met him (deduction)

- Unless you finish your homewokr, you can't go to the cinema. (prohibition)

- Can I help you? (offer)

- May I help you? (offer)

Unit 4: Modal Verbs

Remember the following:

1. Modal verbs take no -s in the third person singular: He might be at the office

2. Modal verbs form their negative and interrogative without 'do': I can't swim / Can you swim?

3. Modal verbs have no proper past tense; however could, would, might and should may be used to refer to the past time: I could swim when I was five.

4. Referring to the past? Use modal + have + past participle: She might have been on time, but we will never know.

5. Modal verbs have no infinitive, -ing or past participle forms and cannot be followed by other modal verbs.

Unit 4: Semi-modals

The semi-modal verbs are: need to, dare to, used to and ought to. 

They have the same functions as modal verbs, but they behave differently. Furthermore, their infinitives end in 'to'.

- He didn't dare to look back.

- They used to live by the sea.

- You ought to know that by now.

TO INDICATE

Ability:

- can (present)

- could (past)

- be able to

Permission/prohibition:

- can/can't

- may/may not (very formal)

Requests, suggestions and polite answers:

- can/could

- might (very formal)

Necessity:

- need to/ don't need to

Possibility and probability:

- could/may/might (speculations about past and future)

- can't (negative possibility)

- can/could (theoretical possibilities)

- may/might (speculate about very near future)

Obligation:

- must/have to (what you think needs to be done)

- have to (what someone else tells you to do)

1. He _____ come to my party because he is ill.

2. We _____ get to the meeting on time yesterday, because the train was delayed by one hour.

3. You ___ smoke inside the school, it is forbidden!

4. ____ you speak many languages?

5. When Lizzie got home yesterday there were flowers on the table. Her husband ____ (buy) them.

6. I ___ clean the floor today because I cleaned it last two weeks ago.

Unit 5: Relative clauses

We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences together, often to give more information about something.

I bought a new car. It is very fast.

→ I bought a new car that is very fast.

We use relative pronouns to add these sentences together. They are:

who / which / that / whom (to who) / whose (possessive) / when / where 

There are 2 types of relative clauses: the defining relative clause and the non-defining relative clause

Defining relative clause

A defining relative clause tells which noun (zelf. nw) we are talking about:

I like the woman who lives next door.

If I don't say 'who lives next door', then we don't know which woman I mean.

• We do not put commas at the beginning and end of a defining relative clause.
  
• We can interchange which and that for each other.
  
• Sometimes we can omit the relative pronoun. This often happens when the relative pronoun is not the subject of the sentence:
  She showed me photos of the gorillas (which/that) she had studied.
  She showed me photos of the gorillas which/that lived nearby. (subject belonging to 'lived')

Non-defining relative clause

A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something. 

I live in Oxford, which has some fantastic colleges.

• We have to use a comma before and after the relative clause:
  
  London, which has always been located on the river Thames, is my favourite city to go shopping. 
• You cannot interchange 'which' and 'that' in this type of relative clause
• We cannot leave out the relative pronoun:
  
  My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars. = correct
  My sister, I live with, knows a lot about cars. = incorrect

The mountain ____ we climbed yesterday was the highest mountain in Britain!

1. who
2. which
3. where
4. that

Taylor has a new car, ____ is twice as big as his old one.

1. who
2. which
3. that

In which sentence can you delete 'who'?

1. The man who cleans my windows has gone into hospital.
2. The man who lives next to me is nearly eighty.
3. The man who I saw on the bus is my neighbour.

Which sentence is correct?

1. The new stadium, that can hold over 100,000 people, opened last week.
2. The new stadium, which can hold over 100,000 people, opened last week

That’s the shop ___ I bought my wedding ring.

1. which
2. that
3. (no word is needed here)
4. where

We walked as far as the waterfall, ____ we stopped for a picnic.

1. which
2. where
3. when

Which sentence needs the word 'who'?

1. Is that the woman ___ you work with?
2. Is that the woman ___ lives next door to your grandmother?
3. Is that the woman ___ Dan was talking about?

Loch Ness is 37 km long. People know it for its friendly monster.

There we met an old man. He told us that he had seen Nessie.