The Sovjet-Union 1922,1939

• Geschiedenis
• Middelbare school
• vmbo t, vwo
• Leerjaar 3,4

Life in the Sovjet-Union

Sovjet-Union

• Since 1922 the official name for Russia 

• Dictatorship

• One party has all the power

• Secret police (NKVD, later KGB)

Goals

1. What economic changes were made under Stalin?
   
2.  How does Stalin make a totalitarian state of the Soviet Union?
   
3. How was the relationship between the Soviet Union and foreign countries?

Lenin: 1917 - 1924

Stalin: 1928 - 1953

Stalin

• Actually his name was Joseb Dzhugashvili
  
• Brute force of the Communist Party
  
• Killed or expelled competitors within the party.

Stalin

• 1924 after the death of Lenin Stalin in power. 
  
• Most powerful person communist party 
  
• Stalinism: fear and terror
  

Industry

A new system came under Stalin.

This meant that the state decided what and how to produce.

What is this called?

Stalin wanted to show that the Soviet Union was a more powerful country was than the capitalist countries with their free market economy.

Planeconomy

The Soviet Union became a planned economy under Stalin.

This meant that the state decided what and how to produce.

Stalin wanted to show that the Soviet Union was a more powerful country was than the capitalist countries with their free market economy.

Five-year plans: these set out what was to be produced in the next five years.

That it was produced was usually more important than how it was produced: the quality and choice was limited.

Glorification of

workers and farmers

The Soviet Union is a nation of workers and farmers,

These are the heroes of the land!

See the images, what is this an example of?

Verheerlijking van

arbeiders en boeren

De Sovjet-Unie is een land van arbeiders en boeren,

dit zijn de helden van het land!

Overigens leek dit in propaganda veel mooier dan de realiteit was...

Collectivisation

Agriculture had to change by working through 5-year plans. They had to produce more: surplus sales abroad

The proceeds are invested in machinery and factories.

Dozens of small independent farms were merged (collectivisation) into one large farm, a kolchoz.

The farming families worked and lived there together.

The land, the cattle, the tools, the harvest: everything belonged to everyone. 

• Also own farms were no longer allowed: there were collective agricultural farms. Many families on 1 farm
  
• Did you not want this? Then you went to the Gulag (penal camp).

No succes:

1. Farmer became a worker
   
2. All proceeds to the state
   
3. Cattle are slaughtered instead of ceded
   
4. Farmers have to leave their own village to work on a state farm

            Totalitarian society

The Soviet Union became an extreme left-wing totalitarian society under Stalin:

A society in which the government has all the power in its hands and has a great influence on the lives of its citizens.

In a totalitarian society the individual is unimportant.

CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Planeconomy

2. Dictatorship

3. Personal Glorification

4. Indoctrination

5: Terror!

• Stalin saw opponents everywhere, especially in people who had an important role in the government or army. 
  
• Between 1934 and 1938 Stalin had around 1 million 'opponents' arrested and convicted. 
  
• The Soviet Union is thus 'purified'.
  

Stalin used everything to increase and maintain his power in the country. 

Stalin determined what was written in the newspapers and in the history books: former allies were 'written out of it'.

What do we call it?

original picture of 1918

first forgery  1924

second forgery 1926

Great Terror

• 1934-1938
  

• Stalin saw enemies evertywhere
• Penal camps
• Show trials

Gulag

• Millions of 'opponents' ended up in a gulag, a penal camp.
  
• In these 'parenting camps' the prisoners had to perform forced labour under very difficult circumstances.
  
• Some of these camps did not even have fences, because escaping was pointless: the cold and the wolves would eventually kill you.
  
• Approximately 12 million people died in these camps. 

Showtrials

• Opponents were (mostly) falsely accused and sentenced to severe penalties in an unfair trial.
  
• In this kind of show trial, the outcome was determined before the trial had started or one was guilty.

Zelfstandig werken

Maken vraag 10 t/m 12

    § 3 De Sovjet-Unie en het buitenland

Positie van de Sovjet-Unie tussen 1917-1941

• Moeizame relatie met andere landen
  

• Enige communistische land ter wereld

• Erg gesloten land

• Niet-democratisch 

Redenen

1. Engeland en Frankrijk hadden tegenstanders van het communisme gesteund tijdens de burgeroorlog
2. 1938: Sovjet-Unie geen deelname conferentie van München
3.  Engeland en Frankrijk lieten toe dat Duitsland het Sudetenland inlijfde

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
augustus 1939

• Hitler en Stalin zijn elkaars politieke vijanden
• Hitler wil er echter zeker van zijn dat de Sovjet-Unie geen oorlog tegen hem  gaat beginnen, als Duitsland Polen aanvalt.
• Na Duitse inval Polen wordt het land verdeeld onder Duitsland en Sovjet-Unie
• Ze  sluiten een niet-aanvalsverdrag.
  

Begrippen uit deze les

• Stalinisme
• Planeconomie
• Vijfjaren Plannen
• Totalitiare staat
  
• Indoctrinatie
  
•  Collectivisatie
• Kolchozen
• Goelag
• Grote terreur
• Showprocessen
• Niet-aanvalsverdrag

Jaartallen uit deze les

• 1924
• 1928
• 1929
• 1930
• 1934-1938
• 1939
  

Personen uit deze les

• Lenin
• Stalin

????????

Waarom was men in het buitenland erg verrast toen Stalin met Hitler het niet-aanvalsverdrag sloot?

Zelfstandig werken

Maken vraag 13 t/m 19