2.2 The Soviet Union under Stalin

9. The Time of World Wars
INTERBELLUM
2.2 The Soviet Union under Stalin
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9. The Time of World Wars
INTERBELLUM
2.2 The Soviet Union under Stalin

Slide 1 - Diapositive

What is this lesson about?
Stalin succeeded Lenin and became a ruthless dictator of a totalitarian state. Stalin came up with five-year plans in which he wanted to turn the Soviet Union into an industrial superpower. To pay for this, he forced farmers to work on collectivised farms, from which he sold the yield to pay for machines. In order to keep his power, Stalin purged his opposition and used propaganda to develop a cult of personality around himself.






Slide 2 - Diapositive

people in this lesson
Joseph Stalin
dictator
Soviet Union
Vladimir Lenin
Communist leader
Soviet Union
Leon Trotsky
Stalin's rival
Soviet Union

Slide 3 - Diapositive

Word Duty






New Economic Policy: program instituted by Lenin for a temporarily more capitalism-oriented economic policy
superpower: very powerful and influential nation in the world
totalitarian state: state with a centralised government that is dictatorial and controls every part of people’s lives
Five-Year Plan: Stalin’s plan to industrialise the Soviet Union over five years
collectivisation: forceful joining of agriculture into huge state farms
kulak: peasant in Russia, who is wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labour
Great Purge: period of repression and persecution in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s
Gulag forced labour camps: system of forced labour camps in which opponents of the Soviet Union were imprisoned and many people died
cult of personality: excessive public admiration for or devotion to a famous person









WORD DUTY

Slide 4 - Diapositive

Slide 5 - Vidéo

Important dates in this lesson:


1921: New Economic Policy
1924: Lenin dies
1928: first Five-Year Plan
1936-38: the Great Purge



Slide 6 - Diapositive

What you will learn in 
this lesson
  •  how Lenin and Stalin turned the Soviet Union into an industrial country
  • why and how Stalin wanted to turn the Soviet Union into an industrial superpower
  • that Stalin ruled as a dictator and created a cult of personality around himself
Use these questions to make your own summary

Slide 7 - Diapositive

Introduction

Lenin had begun to transform the new Soviet Union into a communist state, but died before his plans were realised. After a power struggle, Joseph Stalin became the new leader. How did Stalin rule the Soviet-Union?




Propaganda poster. The text says: ‘And Stalin raised us to be loyal to the people, inspired us to work and to deeds!’, Leonid Golovanov, 1949,

Slide 8 - Diapositive

Lenin’s New Economic Policy

The revolution, World War I and the civil war had led to a destruction of agriculture, which caused widespread famine. Lenin had also forcefully confiscated food from the peasants to feed his Red Army. Now the Soviet-Union was an even more backwards country then it was in 1914.
To make things better, Lenin brought in the New Economic Policy. With this, he took a step backwards from communism and towards capitalism. Peasants were allowed to produce for themselves and sell their food surplus on markets. Businessmen could own small industries, but no factories. Factories and large industry became public property to be owned by the workers.
Lenin believed that with this economic policy the worst damage of the civil war could be restored. However, fanatical communists did not agree with him: some said that the revolution should be pushed further until they had formed a strong communist society, in which everyone was equal and in which there was no private property at all.



 Lenin holding a speech to Bolsheviks, 1917.


Slide 9 - Diapositive

1. Lenin's NEP was a direct result of:
A
World War 1
B
the Russian Revolution
C
the Civil War
D
the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Slide 10 - Quiz

capitalism
communism
2. make the correct combinations
businesses are owned by the state
big difference between poor and rich
you work to make a profit for yourself
peasant must sell their crops to the state
the state controls the economy

Slide 11 - Question de remorquage

3. Explain why Lenin’s New Economic Policy is described as ‘a step backwards from communism and towards capitalism’.

Slide 12 - Question ouverte

4. Why did Lenin decide on this policy?

Slide 13 - Question ouverte

5. A historian once said: "With the NEP Lenin poured water into the red wine". Can you explain what he meant?

Slide 14 - Question ouverte

The death of Lenin and his succession

On 12th January 1924, Lenin passed away after a long illness. In his honour, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad. His party members mourned, but a struggle for succession had already started when Lenin had fallen ill. Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Bolshevik party, had been able to put his followers in powerful positions. After a vote in the party, he became the new leader of the Soviet-Union. But who was Stalin?
He was born in Georgia as Joseb Jugashvili, but would later use his alias Stalin, man of steel. He became a revolutionary when he read Lenin’s works. As a member of the Bolshevik party, he wrote and spread propaganda and raised money by carrying out bank robberies, kidnappings and assassinations. Stalin was ambitious and intelligent; this enabled him to rise up in the party. But he was not widely loved. Leon Trotsky was his biggest rival and even Lenin mistrusted him. Lenin even wrote a warning in his testament. Stalin knew this and kept Lenin’s testament hidden, so it would not hinder his road to power.





After his death in 1924, Lenin's body has been preserved and put on display. It can still be seen today. A half-dozen Russian anatomists, biochemists, and surgeons care for Vladimir Lenin's  preserved body



Lenin's Mausoleum, also known as Lenin's Tomb, situated in Red Square in the centre of Moscow, is a mausoleum that currently serves as the resting place of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin. 



Slide 15 - Diapositive

6. How had Stalin become so powerful when
Lenin was still alive?
A
he was trusted by Lenin
B
he gave friends important jobs in the party
C
he had helped the Bolsheviks win the Civil War
D
he had ended WW1

Slide 16 - Quiz

7. Lenin appointed Stalin as his successor in his testament
A
TRUE
B
FALSE

Slide 17 - Quiz

8a. Look at the source. Comparing Stalin and Lenin,
does the source suggest Stalin would continue Lenin's
policy or do things completely different? Explain how
you see that in the poster


Stalin as the leader and Lenin’s heir. Soviet propaganda Poster (1944).

Slide 18 - Question ouverte

8b. Lenin would have agreed with this poster.

Write one argument to support
this statement and one argument
to renounce this statement



Stalin as the leader and Lenin’s heir. Soviet propaganda Poster (1944).

Slide 19 - Question ouverte

The Soviet Union as an industrial superpower

Stalin’s goal was clear: he wanted to turn the Soviet Union into an industrial superpower. He believed that the Soviet Union could outgrow the capitalist Western countries if every citizen participated in a state that worked as a well-oiled machine. For this, the Russians had to give up their freedom and individuality. Stalin continued what Lenin had started and turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state. This means that the government controlled everything, from economics to the private lives of the people; even the clothes they wore and what they had to think and believe. In 1928, he created his first Five-Year Plan, in which he stated the goals that had to be reached in the economy between 1928 and 1933. Factories had to produce according to the demands of the state. Stalin described his production plans in detail, from agricultural machines to the shoes people had to wear. His state officials outlined production targets for factories. But it was not easy to pay for industrial development without borrowing money from foreign countries. Therefore, the money that was needed for industrialisation had to come from the Soviet Union itself.



propaganda poster: A five-year plan in four years - we'll do it


Red book is titled "5 year plan" while evil capitalist says: "Fantasy, nonsense, utopia"

Below factories fly banners: "Industrialization, Collectivisation of Farms"


Slide 20 - Diapositive

9. Stalin felt that the Soviet Union needed to become an industrial superpower in order to compete with the capitalist countries
A
TRUE
B
FALSE

Slide 21 - Quiz

10. In a totalitarian state privacy is an important value
A
TRUE
B
FALSE

Slide 22 - Quiz

11a. In a Five Year Plan factories were told to make as much profit as possible within 5 years.
A
TRUE
B
FALSE

Slide 23 - Quiz

11b. Five Year plans fit well in a totalitarian state
A
TRUE
B
FALSE

Slide 24 - Quiz

12. Use the data to support the
statement that the Five-Year Plan
was a success and a failure as well.

Slide 25 - Question ouverte

13. How should the text on the poster be understood,
when interpreted through the eyes of a
Soviet citizen in the 1930s?


a Soviet propaganda poster. The caption says ‘Factory smoke is the breath of Soviet-Russia’. Nowadays, most people probably do not consider air pollution to be synonymous with something as essential to life as breathing.

Slide 26 - Question ouverte

13b. What do you think a Soviet factory manager’s
priority would be?
A
Making a high quality product
B
The safety of the workers
C
Getting the job done in time
D
Making profit

Slide 27 - Quiz

Collectivisation

To pay for the industrialisation, Stalin wanted to revolutionise agriculture. In order to gain more from farmland, he forced farmers to give up their private land to work for big agricultural companies. During this collectivisation, farmers had to work on the kolkhoz, huge state farms, and had to give their yield to the state. Stalin sold the yield to foreign countries and used the money to buy machines that were necessary for industry. Independent farmers resisted collectivisation because they did not want to give up their land and livestock. When they were forced, many slaughtered their own animals rather then giving them up. Everyone who resisted was called a kulak and stigmatised as an enemy of the state. Government officials and the secret police arrested them; kulaks were killed or send to labour camps where they had to work under terrible conditions. Farmers that joined the collectivisation had to share tools and agricultural machines. They were all responsible for the yield of the land and each year they had to satisfy targets demanded by the state. This sometimes caused problems when there was a bad harvest, but Stalin still demanded all the food, even when there was not enough for the farmers to eat or to plant for the next year. This led to a terrible famine in Ukraine, which killed millions of people.        Watch this video to do question 17





Against the Kulak’s Howl - A Concerted, Collective Front to Sow!’. Soviet poster, 1920s.



A starving family in a courtyard during the famine in the Ukraine


Slide 28 - Diapositive

14a. Collectivisation comes from the word "collective".
Which word does NOT belong to "collective"?
A
together
B
cooperation
C
acting as a group
D
individual

Slide 29 - Quiz

14b. Explain what was collective about the "Collectivisation" of the Soviet agriculture.


Slide 30 - Question ouverte

15. Why were kulaks seen as enemies of communism?


Slide 31 - Question ouverte

16a. Here you see the logo of the communist party
of the Soviet Union. It contains of two tools.
Choose the number and write down
the name of the tool and write down whether
this was used in industry or agriculture


Slide 32 - Question ouverte

16b. In the logo, both tools seem connected.
Under Stalin, the connection between industry
and agriculture became explicit. Explain how
industry could benefit from the increasing
agricultural production.



Slide 33 - Question ouverte

16c. In what way could agriculture benefit
from industrial development?




Slide 34 - Question ouverte

17. click on the link "video" in the text slide and watch
the video.

Explain the causal relationship between
collectivisation and Mrs. Karpenko’s story.

Slide 35 - Question ouverte

The Great Purge

In order to consolidate his power even more, Stalin developed a strong secret police and intelligent agency. Especially during the Great Purge (between 1936 and 1938), everyone who opposed Stalin was arrested and subjected to a fake trial. These show trials made people believe that there was a fair justice system, but the accused were already branded guilty beforehand. Political opponents suddenly ‘disappeared’ and kulaks were punished by imprisonment, which actually meant that they were being executed. Others were sent to workcamps. These included thousands of high ranking officers of the Red Army, who were not trusted by Stalin. In the Gulag forced labour camps, they had to work hard under terrible conditions. Historians estimate that more than two million people died of cold, famine, exhaustion and disease in these camps.







enemies of communism are "purged".







Stalin's wife, Nadezjda, did not know about the cruelties for a long time. When she found what her husband did she resisted him.Not long after, she was shot. Nobody knows if she killed herself or if Stalin murdered her.

Slide 36 - Diapositive

18. Why are trials in which opponents of Stalin were tried called "show trials"?


Slide 37 - Question ouverte

19. A person is not guilty until tried and proven guilty. This statement is one of the cornerstones of our current rule of law.
How does this differ from the judicial situation in the Soviet Union?






Slide 38 - Question ouverte

20. What was the purpose of the Great Purge?







Slide 39 - Question ouverte

‘Father of Nations’

Stalin used propaganda in order to indoctrinate the Russians and make them believe that he was an all-powerful, wise and kind leader. A big
cult of personality around him was built, in which children had to learn songs and poems about him. They had to thank Stalin for their country and their lives. The phrase, ‘thank you dear comrade Stalin for our happy childhood,’ appeared above doorways at schools and nurseries. Posters, that pictured the dictator as a kind father figure and a powerful leader, could be found everywhere. Stalin was shown as the true follower of Lenin and because of this, his rule was faultless. Stalin was pictured next to Lenin, cities were named after him, books and music were written about him and almost every city had its own statue of the dictator.
The next slide shows a scene from a propaganda film. Try not to laugh..








"In 1920, [Dmitry] Moor designed a striking poster, "Bud' na strazhe!" (Be on Guard!) that featured a drawing of Trotsky holding a bayonet and standing, larger than life, on Russian territory, with minuscule enemies around him."







‘Comrade Stalin’
When today someone calls you comrade, it means that he sees you as a kind of friend. In the Soviet-Union, the word comrade was used to address fellow communists. Even Stalin was called ‘comrade Stalin’. For many people the word is still connected to communism.

Slide 40 - Diapositive

Slide 41 - Vidéo

‘Thank you beloved Stalin for our happy childhood’, Viktor Govorkov, 1936

Slide 42 - Diapositive

21. Read the text in the hotspot.
Explain how the altering of history contributed
to Stalin’s cult of personality.



Stalin’s daughter Svetlana wrote in her autobiography: ‘My father revised the handbook “A short history of the communist party in the Soviet Union”. By doing that, he made sure everyone who had ever opposed him, disappeared completely from history. The first of them was Trotsky, once his primary rival.’


Slide 43 - Question ouverte

22. Read the source.
This source fits best with:
A
collectivisation
B
the period of the NEP
C
the Purges
D
the final phase of the first Five-Year Plan

Slide 44 - Quiz

Would you like to ask a question about something you don't understand in this lesson? You can do that here.



Slide 45 - Question ouverte

congratulations
You can recap the essentials of this lesson by watching the next 2 videos

Slide 46 - Diapositive

Slide 47 - Vidéo

Slide 48 - Vidéo