repetition lesson

• Geschiedenis
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 2

repetition lesson Chapter 3

The Republic in the Golden Age

3.1 Amsterdam: staple market of the world

Lesson objective

By the end of this lesson, you can explain how Amsterdam became the staple market of Europe and what impact it had on agriculture in the Republic.

We're moving!

• Amsterdam was a small rectangular port on the Amstel river until the early 17th century
• Amsterdam became too smal -->city expansion: Between 1610 and 1620
• Canals surround the city centre (Singel, Herengracht, Prinsengracht and Keizersgracht)
• Rich and poor live and work separately

City residents and staple market

•  Dutch economy of trade and industry.
• Farmers could no longer provide inhabitants with enough food --> grain imported from the Baltic Sea
• Stored in grain warehouses
• Amsterdam sold this when there was a shortage to other countries.
• With grain from east, immediately iron/wood from Sweden.

Baltic Sea Trade

• Wine from France
• Cloths from Flanders and Spices from Asia
• Everything was piled up in warehouses --> staple market of Europe

• Grain was the main trade product: first and most important international trade of the Dutch around the East Sea for centuries. 

Amsterdam is growing tremendously!

• Before Amsterdam, Antwerp was the most important trading city in Europe. Their capital was growing and that's what merchant capitalism was all about.
• When Spanish troops invaded Antwerp in 1585, that changed. Many Antwerp merchants fled to Amsterdam.
• Because of the Antwerp refugees, refugees from other areas and the growth of the birth rate, Amsterdam grew enormously.

Specialisation and commercial agriculture

• People started specialising in crafts: Leiden (Lakenhal) + Haarlem became textile city. Delft = Delft-blue

Golden Age

Name for the long period of prosperity and welfare for the Republic in the seventeenth century. 

What about slave trade? Is the name 'Golden Age' still fitting knowing that a part of the wealth was possible through slavery? (Dark page in history)

explain how Amsterdam became the staple market of Europe and what impact it had on agriculture in the Republic.

Why was the VOC founded? and how did it operate?

Explain why the VOC belonged to ‘everyone’

Goal 3 (WIC and Slavery)

• You can explain why the WIC was founded
  
• You can explain which products were shipped from Europe to Africa and to America
  
• You can explain why the slave trade resulted in a global economy
  

the WIC (1621):

- Trade with America and West Africa

(slavetrade)

- Privateering (against Spain and Portugal)

  

WIC never became as successful as the VOC.

 

In order to participate in the triangular trade between Europe, Africa and America, the WIC took possession of territories.

De gravure toont de verovering van de Zilvervloot onder leiding van admiraal Piet Heyn in de baai van Matanzas. De Zilvervloot stuitte in september 1628 op de vloot van Piet Hein. Deze slaagt er vrijwel direct in negen schepen te veroveren. De andere schepen die deel uitmaken van de Zilvervloot vluchten de Baai van Mantanzas aan de noordkust van Cuba in. Piet Hein en zijn mannen weten echter ook deze schepen al snel te veroveren. De buit bestaat uit goud, parels, handelswaar en 177.000 pond zilver die een totale waarde vertegenwoordigd van 11,5 miljoen gulden.

Triangular Trade

Tra

Trade between European countries, West-African tribes and European colonies in the Americas

Each segment of the triangle had specific "goods"

The segment between Africa and America is called the Transatlantic slave trade

Slave trade

Slaves were transported by ship to auctions in America.  

Slave ships (1 in 8 slaves died):

Plantation owners bought slaves at auctions.

Life at the plantation

• Families were separated
  
• Lived the rest of their lives on the plantation
  
• Punishments for fleeing and not working hard enough.

Slavery

Slaves tried to resist:

• By destroying the harvest.
• Keeping old customs and traditions, language and religion (culture)
• Sometimes there were succesful escapes or uprisings.

Uprisings were almost always crushed with violence.

You can explain why the WIC was founded
You can explain which products were shipped from Europe to Africa and to America
You can explain why the slave trade resulted in a global economy

Learning goals

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

-explain how freedom of thought lead to more science.

-what the scientific revolution was about

Freedom and tolerance

• There was more freedom and tolerance in the Republic than in other countries.

Why: The Regents of the Republic did not tell people how to live or what religion to follow.

• Many scholars could (mostly) write whatever they wanted in the Republic without risking their lifes

Limits to tolerance

• Freedom of speech and religion
• had to be calvinist to take public office (mayor, judge, etc.)
• Hidden churches for catholic church services (diensten) 
  
• Catholics were tolerated but inferior citizens

Tolerance and Trade

Prince Maurice of Orange was tolerant because of trade:

• Needed allies against portugese
• Not enough Dutchmen for colonial settlement in Brazil -> he needed the Portugese.

Tolerance because of politics and economic reasons

Scientific

revolution

• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: Microscope => red blood cells & bacteria
• Christiaan Huygens: the telescope => ring of Saturn, pendulum clock
• Baruch Spinoza: god is not a supreme being, god is in everything: Rationalism

Scientific Revolution

• Rapid development in Western Europe in the fields of invention and science.
  
• Possible due to freedom of thought, curiosity and own faith.
  
• Rationalism: tried to understand the world with reason rather than from faith.
  
• - Free thinking
  
• - Doing research
  
• - Testing 

-explain how freedom of thought lead to more science.
-what the scientific revolution was about

3.5: Living the good life and showing it

Learning Goal: You can explain how people showed their prosperity.

Paintings

Rich merchants and regents comissioned paintings, Goal: Show off their wealth. Examples: Rembrandt, Frans Hals.

Also 'normal' people could afford less expensive paintings because of prosperity in the Dutch Republic.

write down the red texts in your notebook

The Poor

Better off in the Dutch Republic than other countries:

• Always a shortage of workers -> higher wages, but also higher prices.+ Winter pay -> Poor relief

• Poor relief: Handouts by the Rich and Church

• Trade with Baltic Sea area -> Always grain / bread available.

write down the red texts in your notebook

Country houses/ town hall of A'dam.

Country houses where large houses for the family of the elite during summer months -> Goal: Showing off.

Largest palace of all: Town hall of Amsterdam 'Paleis op de Dam'.

A building with architectural features of Classical Antiquity => Classicism.

Video: het verhaal van Amsterdam 'Jong en vol dromen': 31:35- 33:14

write down the red texts in your notebook

Year of Disaster, 1672

1650: Stadtholder William II died -> States- General decided not to replace him. -> Grand pensionary Johan de Wit became most powerful man in Dutch Republic.

1672: Year of Disaster: England, France and the bishops of Munster and Cologne attacked the Republic -> Call for a strong leader => Stadtholder William III!

Republic was almost defeaten and years of war with france costed the republic vast sums of money => Ending Golden Age

write down the red texts in your notebook

explain how people showed their prosperity.