Chapter 4_Italy, 1861- 71_HL_DP1

• History
• Secondary Education

Italy after 1861 pages 96-110

- Unrest in the south: civil war

- Garibaldi returned from exile, attempted to seize Rome.

- the Italian state had to try and bring Italy together.

- the North (developing) vs the South (poverty).

- Italy tried to gain status by forging alliances with Austria and Germany. They were involved in the alliance system after 1879.

- Italy gained colonies.

- Continued military failures affected this process.

By 1890

- greater unity existed but problems continued.

1860s : pages 98-101

Problems:

1. the ``Roman Question'' faced by Cavour. The Pope lost papal states to the new Italy and only Rome existed as papal territory. A rift arose with the Catholic Church which was a problem as many Italians were Catholic.

- Furthermore, France and Austria were also Catholic.

2. Problem of gap between the north and south.

3. Little experience existed in Italy with creating a constitutional and parliamentary state. Piedmont took the lead but their form of government was not ideal.

4. Conditions needed in Italy to run a democratic state did not exist in Italy yet. What are these conditions?

5. Agricultural issues: hardships of farming, a growing population meant that food production could not keep up.

6. Italy's position in the world: Napoleaon III was not impressed with the new Italy, Austria held Italian territory, and there was a need to maintain Italy's navy. The latter was a financial burden.

7. Nationalists were dissatisfied by the fact that unification was incomplete. Uprisings continued. Socialism was on the rise. Many workers were attracted to the ideas of Karl Marx.

The south

- Taxation: Italy was in debt. The south was poor and its infrastructure was behind that of the north. Agriculture was not thriving.

- The government in Piedmont raised taxes all over Italy. This resulted in resentment in the south.

- Many people emigrated to North and South America. Mass migration began in 1876.

- Language barriers: southerners could not understand the new officials.

- Iliteracy

Case study: Pontelandolfo

What happened here?

Note-taking task

Take notes on 4.2 up to The expansion of Italy after 1861