The Crusades (Zelfwerkles)

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'The Crusades'

6.5

05/06/2023

VT11

Lesdoelen

In this section..

..you will learn how the crusades started

..you will learn how the first crusade went.

..you will learn what contact there was between crusaders and Arabs.

Time of cities and states (1000-1500)

In het wit zie je een stadspoort. Ging je in de Middeleeuwen een stad binnen, dan moest je door de stadspoort. In veel steden werd een hoge en prachtig versierde kerk gebouwd. Op de achtergrond zie je de binnenkant van zo’n kerk.

Feniks, Geschiedenis Werkplaats, Memo, Saga

On 27 November 1095, hundreds of people gathered near the French city of Clermont to listen to pope Urban II. In a fiery speech, the pope said that Europe was being threatened by a horrible danger. Islamic Turks had already conquered Jerusalem and its surrounding area and now threatened to overrun the Byzantine empire. 

To stop the Turks, the Byzantine emperor asked the Pope for help. That is why the pope called for Christian Europeans to fight a holy war. It was about freeing the Holy Land. That is what the Christians called Jerusalem and its surrounding area, the area where Jesus would have preached. 

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Jerusalem was a holy place for Christians, because Jesus supposedly died and was buried there. But it was also a holy place for Jews and Muslims. For Jews, Jerusalem used to be the city of the former Jewish temple. Muslims said that Muhammad made a journey to heaven from the Temple Mount.

After the call in Clermont, travelling monks called for people to join throughout Europe. They promised complete indulgences to any participant who would die. Participants wore the cross as a symbol of their holy battle. The armed campaigns of Christians to conquer land of non-Christians were called crusades. The first crusade started one year after the pope’s call to arms.

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Explain why Jerusalem was important for:
1 Jews:
2 Christians:
3 Muslims:

What is a crusade?

Give two motives of crusaders to join the crusade.

In 1096, a huge army of monarchs, nobles, hedge knights, farmers and citizens moved over land to Anatolia and Syria via Constantinople. Here, the crusaders (participants of a crusade) fought through Turkish areas.

After three years, they reached Jerusalem. At that time, the city was no longer controlled by Turks, but by Arabs. The crusaders entered the city and slaughtered Muslims and Jews.

After Jerusalem, the crusaders also conquered areas along the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea. They created four crusader states where they lived and started to rule the local people.

To defend the crusader states, eight more crusades followed. In 1187, Jerusalem was conquered by an Arab army led by sultan Saladin, the monarch of Egypt and Syria.

This was the start of the third and biggest crusade. The French, English and German kings also participated.

But Jerusalem stayed in Arab hands. In the following wars, the European lost more and more ground. In 1291, Arabs conquered Acre, the last crusader state.

 

In the crusader states, Europeans were introduced to products like rice, sugar, paper, cotton, silk and spices. Italian cities like Venice and Genoa profited from this. This created a lot of trade between Italians and Arabs.

  

 

The time of the crusades lasted for almost two centuries.

In that time, the Europeans and Arabs did not only fight, but the two groups also traded with each other 

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