Grammar recap P4

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 2

Grammatica herhaling

Indefinite pronouns

all / some / none / any of them

modals

advise vs advice

1st conditional + unless

Indefinite pronouns

3 types of indefinite pronouns:

1. Refer to people - ....body/...one
2. refer to objects/things and concepts - ...thing
3. refer to places - ...where

every / some/ no/ any

                                                                                 

every/some/no/any

We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people or things without saying exactly who or what they are. We use pronouns ending in -body or -one for people, and pronouns ending in -thing for things.

SOMEBODY      SOMEONE      SOMETHING

anybody               anyone               anything

nobody              no one                 nothing

everybody         everyone        everything

Rules: 1

We use a singular verb after an indefinite pronoun:

Everybody loves Sally.

Everything was ready for the party.

When we refer back to an indefinite pronoun we normally use a plural pronoun:

Everybody enjoyed the concert. They stood up and clapped.

I will tell somebody that dinner is ready. They have been waiting a long time.

Rules: 2

We can add -'s to an indefinite pronoun to make a possessive. (bezittelijk)

They were staying in somebody’s house.

Is this anybody’s coat?

We do not use another negative in a clause with nobody, no one or nothing:

Nobody didn't come

Nobody came.

Nothing happened.

There is (...) on the phone for you.

1. someone
2. anyone
3. anything
4. somebody

Is there...there?

1. something
2. any
3. anyone
4. some

all / some / none / any of them

Rule:

We use the expressions all/ some/ none or any of them to refer back to a group pf things or people and say more about it.

1. My friends had a great time at my birthday party. None of them wanted to leave!
2. The caps weren't expensive. I got all of them for $12.

all / some / none / any of them

All of them = all the avengers                                      Some of them = some of the avengers

None of them = no avengers, they're DC heroes                      Are any of them Avengers?     

Her songs are OK - I quite like ...of them

1. none
2. all
3. any
4. some

There are 32 students in our class. It's amazing that ... of them like music, but ... of them listen to jazz.

1. none, some
2. all, any
3. all, none
4. some, any

No the other kind of models ;)

Modals

What are modal verbs?

Modals  are special verbs that behave irregularly in English. They are different from normal verbs like "work, play, visit..." 

They give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it. They have a great variety of communicative functions.

Modals

Here are some characteristics of modal verbs:

• They never change their form. You can't add "s", "ed", "ing"...
• They are always followed by an infinitive without "to" (e.i. the bare infinitive.)
• They are used to indicate modality and allow speakers to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, ability

Drag the modals into the box

Modal verbs

walk

might

should

like

had better

take

ought to

advise

will

may

have

Which modals are used for giving advice?

1. might, should, ought to
2. had better, may, will
3. should, had better, will
4. should, had better, ought to

had better is used to give stronger advice than should/ought to

1. true
2. false

Drag the modals into the box

Modals for predictions

walk

might

should

like

had better

take

ought to

advise

will

may

have

we use will if something is a possibility and may or might if something is a certainty

1. true
2. false

Advice vs Advise

Advice and advise are closely related—they’re used in the same contexts and they’re separated by only one letter. But they’re pronounced differently.

The challenge is really remembering which spelling to use for the noun and which spelling to use for the verb

Advice vs Advise

⚡ Quick summary

• You can remember that advice is a noun spelled with the ending -ice because it also rhymes with ice, which is also a noun. 
• You can remember that advise is a verb because it rhymes with advertise, which is also a verb.

How would you advise your client in this situation?

What advice would you give your client in this situation?

I ... you to get some professional financial ... before you start a business.

1. advise, advice
2. advice, advice
3. advice, advise
4. advise, advise

My guidance counsellor gave me great ... when I was trying to decide if I should further my education after high school.

1. advise
2. advice

1st conditional

It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true.

1st conditional

The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then will/the future simple in the other clause:

                                             if + present simple, ... will + infinitive (base without to)

If it rains, I won't go to the park.

If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.

She'll be late if the train is delayed.

She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.

If we see her, we'll tell her.

1st conditional

Remember:

• will can be shortened to 'll in a positive sentence and won't  in a negative one.
• will is always followed by an infinitive (base verb without to - to walk)
• will is a modal verb so it doesn't change with the subject (no + s etc.)

If he ... (to switch) off the tv completely when he ... (to go) to bed, it ... (will not to use) any electricity

1. to switch, to go, will to use
2. switch, go, won't uses
3. switch, goes, will use
4. switches, goes, won't use

Unless + 1st conditional

Condition clause: if + present simple

Result clause: will/won't + main verb (infinitive / base without to)

• Unless means only if/if not and can be used in the condition clause instead of if
• Remember the condition clause is always followed by a comma and then the result clause 
• BUT the order can be switched.  Result first then condition
• No comma after the result clause if it comes 1st.
• Unless is always followed by a positive never by a negative
  

                                  You won’t lose any weight unless you start eating healthier food
                                  Unless you start eating healthier food you won’t lose any weight

• And NOT!    Unless you don’t start eating healthier food you won’t lose any weight

Write your own 1st conditional sentence

Good luck with your in tw4!