New Imperialism: Colonial Take over

• History
• Secondary Education

Colonial Take Over

Colonial Takeover

In 1800

Spanish Philippines

The Dutch East Indies

Imperialism in South Asia

Imperialism in South Asia

Great Britain

When did it start?

Who was sent by the Great Britain to establish a colony?

Was was the established colony called?

What was the significance of this colony?

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles

Why did Britain want control over Burma?

The Vietnam French Colony

Why did France want to colonize Vietnam?

How did France start taking over Vietnam?

Why did France forced its protection over Vietnam in 1857?

Eventually, the French succeeded in making the Vietnamese ruler give up territories in the Mekong River Delta.

The French occupied the city of Saigon

(Which was the capital of French Indochina from 1887 to 1902 and again from 1945 to 1954.)

Important Dates

France forced Vietnam to become under its protection

1857

1883

France seized the city of Hanoi (which became the capital city for French Indochina for most of its history)

1887

France included all its new possesions in a new Union of French Indochina

Thailand

Was the only remaining free state in Southeast Asia.

But the Rivalry between Britain and France threatened to place Siam under colonial rule.

Two Siamese rulers helped to keep the colonial powers at bay.

King Mongkut

Chulalongkorn

Both of them maintained good relations with major European powers.

In 1896, Britain and France agreed to maintain Thailand (Siam) as an independent buffer state.

Buffer state: is a country situated between two rival or potentially hostile great powers. Its existance can sometimes be thought to prevent conflict between them.

The United States

In 1898, during the Spanish-American War, the U.S. naval forces under Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila bay. (Philippines).

President William McKinley decided to turn Philippines into American colony.

This action also prevented the area from falling into Japanese control.

This colony gave the U.S. good access to trade with China.

Philippines Resistance

Filipinos fought against

America.

Emilio Aguinaldo was the leader of a movement for independence of Philippines.

He began a revolt against the Spanish and was banished into exile in 1898.

When the U.S. took over Philippines, Aguinaldo continued his revolt and declared himself as the president of Philippines.

Aguinaldo led guerilla forces against the U.S. troops for independence.

This resulted in a three-years bloody warfare. (1899-1902)

Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which small groups of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility, to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.

Colonial Regime

Two types of ruling systems

Indirect

Direct

Indirect Rule

Colonial power cooperate with local elites.

For example, the Dutch East Indie Company imposed indirect rule in the colony. 

Indirect rule gave access to natural resources easier and at a lower cost. It also affected less the local culture.

The Ducth East Indie Company: was a chartered company established in 1602 when the States General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out trade activities in Asia. It is sometimes considered to have been the first multinational corporation in the world, and it was the first company to issue stock.It was a powerful company, possessing quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, strike its own coins, and establish colonies.

In other places, local elites resisted the colonial powers which made it impossible to impose indirect colonial rule.

In these cases, local governors were replaced with Western officials.

Direct

rule

Direct Rule

Example: Great Britain Administrated Burma directly through its colonial government in India.

French Indochina

France used both systems in Vietnam (what was called then "French Indochina").

Direct rule ----> southern Vietnam

Indirect rule----> northern Vietnam 

Colonial Economies

* Colonial power did not want that the colonized people develop their own industries. So they emphasized the export of raw materials.

* This policy led to the development of plantation agriculture.

Plantation agriculture is a type of farming where a single crop is planted in a large area and harvested mechanically

What is plantation agriculture?

What

were the conditions of people worked in the plantations

?

Nevertheless,...

What benefits did the colonial rule bring to Southeast Asia?

Resistance in southeast Asia

Many people in southeast Asia resented the colonial powers.

At first the resistance came from the existing ruling class.

For example, in Burma the monarch himself fought Western domination.

In case of Vietnam, after the emperor signed and agreement to rule under French control, a number of government officials set up an organization called Can Vuong ("save the king"), fighting against the French without the emperor help.

Peasants revolt

In Burma, in the 1930 the Buddhist monk Saya San led a peasant uprising against the British colonial regime.

In the early 1900s, a new kind of resistance emerged that was based on nationalism.

The leaders were often from a new class that the colonial rule had created: Westernized intellectuals in the cities.

What is a nation?

The nation is a territorial community of nativity. One is born into a nation. The significance attributed to this bio- logical fact of birth into the historically evolving, territorial structure of the cultural community of the nation is why the nation is one among a number of forms of kinship. It differs from other forms of kinship such as the family because of the centrality of territory. It differs from other territorial societies such as a tribe, city-state, or various ‘ethnic groups’ not merely by the greater extent of its territory, but also because of its relatively uniform culture that provides stability, that is, continuation over time.

At first, many of the leaders of these movements did not focus clearly on the idea of nationhood.

Instead they simply tried to defend the economic interests or religious beliefs of the native peoples.

For example..

In Burma (Modern Myanmar),

Rangoon University students formed an organization to protest against the official persecution of the Buddhist religion and British lack  of respect for local religious traditions

It was not until 1930s when the resistance movements in southeast Asia started to demand national independence (based on ideas of nationalism).

1930s