Industrial Revolution

• History
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 2

AGE 8. The Time of Citizens and Steam Engines

5.1 The Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

1750-1900

• The arrival of machines has changed the way people produce: from manual to machine production
• We call this change the Industrial Revolution

Not only the way of production is changing enormously: the arrival of steam trains is also bringing major changes in the transport of people and goods.

England

around 1700

• Powerful country with a huge empire that stretched all over the world.
• The population of England was growing, so more clothing was needed.
• Much clothing was made from cotton, which was picked by slaves on plantations, and wool.

Het Britse Rijk omstreeks 1700

1.  Drag and drop to finish this overview. Also check and correct your notebook.

candles / oil lamps

Modern Age

horses / walking

steam locomotive

much

manual

agricultural urban society

machines

What is this lesson about?

An agricultural revolution in England led to a population growth. This growth triggered a high demand for clothes, which inspired entrepreneurs to invest money in new inventions for spinning. These inventions led to the industrial revolution in which machines in factories had taken over manual labour at home. Fossil fuels were burned to produce steam power. The promise of work in a factory brought people to the cities.

Introduction

Between 1750 and 1900, Europe and North America changed drastically. Steam engines began to be used to do work instead of manual labour, the locomotive was invented, bridges were built from iron and electric light was developed. These are just some examples of all the changes that occurred during the Industrial Revolution, a fast and radical change, that had its roots in Great Britain. A new era started: the Modern Age.

2. The industrial revolution started in:

1. France
2. USA
3. Great Britain
4. Germany

A world changing revolution

Before the industrial revolution, people lived in an agricultural-urban society. Work was done by manual labour or with the help of animal power such as oxen or horses. Craftsmen used their hands and tools to make products. This changed during the industrial revolution, when machines were invented to do the work. Ways of transportation also changed: before the revolution, people walked or used horses, boats or coaches to travel from one place to another, but during the revolution the steam locomotive made travelling and transporting goods easier and faster. Many more changes occurred, such as the change from candle light to electric light, changes in working conditions, health, social situations and living conditions. But what caused this revolution?

steam power would soon be used for transportation. 

summarize

1. write down the title of this paragraph
   
2. the first half of the text mentions 2 main areas that changed because of the  Industrial Revolution. 
   
3. What other changes are mentioned?
   

(Can you now see how the title covers the content?)

3. Before the industrial revolution, most people worked in:

1. cities
2. rural areas
3. factories
4. slavery

4. Which statement is true?

I. In Britain, an agricultural revolution occurred before the industrial revolution.
II. The agricultural revolution led to an abundance of food.

1. Both statements are true.
2. Both statements are false
3. Statement I is false and statement II is true.
4. Statement I is true and statement II is false.

Inventing new spinning machines

Inventors were inspired by this problem and entrepreneurs saw opportunities to make money. New inventions were made to hasten textile production more and more. One of the first of these machines was made by James Hargreaves and was called the Spinning Jenny. At first the Spinning Jenny was able to increase the spinning speed by eight times and eventually up to a hundred and twenty times.

It was a cheap device, but it still had to be run by hand and the threads broke easily. Richard Arkwright invented the Waterframe, a machine that worked on waterpower, so it did not need lots of manpower. The Waterframe was placed in a watermill, but this was also its downside, because the rivers did not always flow that well so it was not reliable. To solve this problem, a new energy source was further developed: steam power. These new machines needed coal to burn and England had plenty of this fossil fuel.

Top: Using the Spinning Jenny increased spinning speed multiple times. Wood engraving c. 1880.

Bottom: Interior of a cotton factory showing use of child labour (nineteenth century).

summarize

1. write down the title of this paragraph 
2. why were new inventions made?
3. Which 2 inventions are mentioned? What problem did they solve?
4. why was steam power further developed? 

0

13

cylinder

vertical motion

piston

flywheel

rotary motion

Steam power

The use of steam as a power source was not new. Though the ancient Greeks had made designs, it was never put to practical use then. In 1712 the first real steam engine was used to pump water from a mine. But it became popular for more industries after James Watt made an adapted version. Now the steam engine could operate a whole scale of different machines. Its rotary movement revolutionised industry.

Steam engines became so big that they had to be placed in factories. These big buildings first had to be built close to places with water and coal. The coal was burned to heat up water in order to produce steam. With the invention of the steam locomotive, these fuels could be transported to all different areas; this made it possible to build factories in many places, close to waterways for transport or in cities because of the workforce.

different steam engines, 1894. 

summarize

1. Write down the title of this paragraph 
2. Why did factories needed to be built near places with water and coal?
3. How did the invention of the locomotive change this?
4. What were the best locations to build a factory (and why)?

5. The industrial revolution was boosted by the introduction of a new energy source, namely:

1. water power
2. steam power
3. sun power
4. wind power

Life in an industrial city (1)

The industrialisation did not just take place in Britain; Belgium was second and the United States, France and Germany followed. Our country was one of the last countries in Western Europe to industrialise. In all these countries industrialisation led to a decline in the agricultural work sector but to a growth in industrial and services, such as banking, education and transportation. There was not enough work in agriculture anymore and the use of machines led to a further decline in textile work at home. For millions of people the only option was factory work in the city. Because of this, the cities grew exceptionally. Cities such as Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham became leaders in the industrial revolution. Between 1771 and 1831, Manchester saw its population multiply by six. This process of growth in cities is called urbanisation.

 Inside a nineteenth century iron factory. Painting by Adolph Menzel (1875).

summarize

1. Write down the title of this paragraph 
2. What were 2 effects of industrialisation?
3. Why did cities grow? (what is this called?)

6. Which statement is correct?

1. The Netherlands was one of the first countries to industrialise.
2. Industrialisation led to a growth in the agricultural work sector.
3. Industrialisation led to urbanisation.
4. In the industrial cities, the wages were high.

Life in an industrial city (2)

The workers had to live close to the factories because they walked to work. There was a shortage in housing and because the wages were low, they could only rent a very small house in special worker neighbourhoods.The whole family had to share one room. Families with more than five children were normal. The furniture was simple, and most of the times there was not a good bed or kitchen and the walls were not well insulated. Rooms without windows were not an exception; the houses were cold in winter, damp and hot in summer. They were built close to each other, which made the streets small and crowded. Thieves, murderers and drunkards roamed the alleyways. Orphans and beggars had to live in dwellings in the backstreets. It was filthy because people had no toilets or clean water supply. They threw their waste on the streets. These open sewers and garbage piles attracted rats and other vermin. These animals and polluted water caused diseases such as Cholera and Typhus, killing countless people.

family living in a one room apartment

summarize

1. This paragraph is just a summing up of bad living conditions of city workers. You might write down some key words.
2. What was the effect of  bad hygiene in the cities?

The time period that encompasses a big part of the industrial revolution is called the Victorian era (1837-1901) in Britain. This period is named after Queen Victoria, who ruled the British Empire for 63 years. The British divide some parts of their history according to their rulers. After the Victorian era, the Edwardian era started (1901-1910).

9. How did the Agricultural Revolution lead to the Industrial Revolution?

higher demand for products

agricultural surplus

steam engine developed

new farming techniques

new inventions needed

population growth

Families in the factories

The wages that labourers received were not enough to pay for rent and food. It was just barely enough to live in the city. For this reason, a family could only survive if the mother and children also worked. Children could not play or go to school to improve their knowledge or skills, so their situation could not improve. Men and women operated the machines, while children did work as chimney sweeps or had to crawl into narrow spaces in mines or under machines to pick up cotton.

19th century London was also a city of poverty, where millions lived in overcrowded and unsanitary slums. Wood engraving by Gustave Doré (1872).

summarize

1. Write down the title of this paragraph 
2. Why did whole families need to work?

cause

effect

12. Were the statements below causes

 or effects of the Industrial Revolution?

Factories were built to house the big, new machines.

Entrepreneurs were willing to invest in new inventions.

Homeworkers could now work much faster than before.

The first machines led to unemployment of homeworkers.

growth of cities

population growth

8. Now explain why the industrial revolution can still be considered a revolution despite the fact that it lasted about 150 years.

10. Three reasons why the revolution started in Britain are written down below. Explain for each, why it contributed to this revolution:
1 There were a lot of natural resources:
2 Many harbours:
3 The population growth due to improvements in agriculture

11. Why would the former colonies Britain had in America also have contributed to this industrial revolution?

14. Look at the map . Why were these first industrial
cities built at the locations you see on the map?

15. Look at the source. Give a short description in your
own words of the living conditions you see in the source.

Remember: here you practise to write proper answers in
correct English sentences.

16. Look at the source Why would the owners of
factories and mines especially like to employ children?

Shooting coil

1733

• To make clothes faster, you have to be able to weave faster.
• The Englishman John Kay invented the shooting coil. With this you can weave much faster than by hand.
• The shuttle was not yet a real machine: it was operated by hand.

Spinning Jenny

1764

• If you can weave faster, you also need more thread.
• James Hargreaves' Spinning Jenny allowed you to spin 8 and later 16 wires at the same time

Cotton Gin

1793

• Because spinning and weaving went much faster, more cotton was also needed.
• To get the seeds out of cotton fluff faster, the American Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin ("Cotton engine").
• Slavery also rose: many more slaves were needed to pick the cotton ...

Steam engine

around 1764 

• The first working steam engine of the Industrial Revolution was that of Thomas Newcomen around 1705
• Only with the improvements of James Watt could the steam engine really be used

De Engelsman James Watt voerde een aantal belangrijke veranderingen door in Newcomen's stoommachine waardoor het gebruik en de inzet makkelijker werden.

What can you do with a steam engine?

write down 1 advantage of the steam engine

write down 1 disadvantage of the steam engine

Changes through

the steam engine 

• Emptying of mines, allowing you to go deeper into the ground (resources)
• Old energy sources (wind, muscle and water power) are slowly being replaced
• Steam engine can be placed anywhere, not just on the water

Doordat de vraag naar delfstoffen (ijzer en steenkool voor de machines) sterk toenam, moest er steeds dieper worden gegraven. Met stoommachines werd het grondwater weggepompt.

from small-scale manual production in the cottage industry ...

... to large-scale machine production in factories

• France becomes a republic again
• In The Hague the king fears for his life
• So, in 1848, King Willem II turns from a conservative into a liberal overnight.

liberals & socialists: main differences:

       LIBERALS:

• NO government influence in the economy.
• success is your own responsibility (take care of yourself)

       SOCIALISTS:

• Government must influence the economy (social laws) 
• the weak should not be left to take care for themselves.

12. Which statement is true?

Statement I: Socialists believe that the weak in society should take care of themselves.
Statement II: Liberals believe that competition is bad for the economy.

1. Statement I is true.
2. Statement I is false.
3. Both statements are true
4. Both statements are false

13. Which idea is NOT favoured by liberals?

1. Trias Politica
2. journalists can write what they want
3. the government must strictly control the economy.
4. religion plays no role in the government.

15a. Liberals want freedom foremost, but also equality.
How would a liberal look at these statements?

Statement I: everybody is equal under the law
Statement II: wealth should be divided equally

1. Statement I is true.
2. Statement I is false.
3. Both statements are true
4. Both statements are false

15b. How would a socialist look at these same statements?

Statement I: everybody is equal under the law
Statement II: wealth should be divided equally

1. Statement I is true.
2. Statement I is false.
3. Both statements are true
4. Both statements are false

liberalism

socialism

16. Drag the words left to the correct place.

No economic restrictions from government

Redistribute wealth

Poor people

Protection by the government

Rich people

freedom of opinion

• France becomes a republic again
• In The Hague the king fears for his life
• So, in 1848, King Willem II turns from a conservative into a liberal overnight.

confessionalism 

• the country should be ruled from a religious viewpoint

• confessionalists were Christians, but they were split up between:
•         protestants
•         catholics

• the opposite of confessional is secular (= not based on religion)

• France becomes a republic again
• In The Hague the king fears for his life
• So, in 1848, King Willem II turns from a conservative into a liberal overnight.

verzuiling 

• Dutch society used to be "verzuild". 
• Every group existed in its own "bubble" (zuil) and did not mix with other groups.
• The four main 'zuilen' were:
•     protestants
•     catholics
•     liberals
•     socialists

= confessional

= secular 

• France becomes a republic again
• In The Hague the king fears for his life
• So, in 1848, King Willem II turns from a conservative into a liberal overnight.

• France becomes a republic again
• In The Hague the king fears for his life
• So, in 1848, King Willem II turns from a conservative into a liberal overnight.

feminism 

men and women are equal, and so they should have the same rights, such as the right to vote.