The gerund

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 4

Today

1. Check HW reported speech. In pairs, use handout.

Exercises 4-5-6-7-8 first five sentences

2. Grammar gerund vs infinitive.

3. do ex. 1 and 2 pages 74 - 75

The Gerund

How do you create a gerund?

Which of these sentences contain a gerund?

1. I can't help falling in love with you.
2. Having more than one drink isn't a good idea.
3. We are having a party at the moment.
4. She was studying the entire evening.

Which of these sentences contain a gerund?

1. Studying is required to pass this test.
2. Neville really loves running.
3. I'm not keen on studying.
4. He is talking to Jennifer.

How do you create a gerund?

infinitive +  ing

do + ing = doing

work + ing = working

I don't feel like doing anything.

When do you use a gerund?

1.  after prepostions (voorzetsels)

I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Give two examples of a preposition.

When do you use a gerund?

2. After certain verbs: 

Most common:

 love, hate, like, prefer, enjoy, mind, avoid, miss,  remember, 

 refuse, delay, suggest, keep, spend, stop/ finish/quit

Other verbs see page 93 Alquin book.

When do you use a gerund?

4.After certain expressions:

it's no good

 it's no use

it's (not) worth

there's no	can't help	be busy
can't stand	feel like

When do you use a gerund?

As the subject of a sentence.

(let op in het nederlands zeg je dan vaak: Het.....)

Collecting stamps is an old fashioned hobby.

Het verzamelen van postzegels...................

When do you use a gerund?

As the object (lijdend voorwerp) of a sentence.

They enjoy swimming in the sea.

Gerund vs Infinitive

Gerund vs infinitive

I love playing tennis 

I promised to play tennis with my sister

gerund vs infinitive

gerund = skiing, swiming, walking, laughing, verb-ing

infinitive = to ski, to swim, to walk, to laugh, to [verb]

Grammar: Gerund vs. Infinitive

Gerund vs. Infinitive

- Beide een vorm die niet verandert als de tijd of het aantal
   personen verandert. 

- Verschil zit hem in het woord ervoor: 
Gerund (-ing): "avoid, keep, resist, risk, suggest, consider, ..."
Infinitive (-to): "agree, hope, want, promise, offer, need, ..."

See also pages 93 and 103

Gerund vs infinitive

Over het algemeen kijkt de gerund naar het verleden

• I don't know where she is. I've tried calling her.

en kijkt de infinitive naar de toekomst

• I will try to call her again.

of geeft aan dat je iets geprobeerd hebt maar het is niet gelukt

• I tried to call her but she didn't pick up.

Gerund vs To infinitive

To remember:

1) Vooruitkijken (denk eraan...) = infinitive

Remember to pack your bag for tomorrow!

2) Terugkijken (herinner...) = gerund

I don't remember seeing you before.

Gerund vs To infinitive

To stop:

1) Vooruitkijken (denk eraan...) = infinitive

He stopped to smoke.

2) Terugkijken (herinner...) = gerund

He stopped smoking

Recap:

Subject:   Swimming is fun

 After prepositions (b.v. about, in, off, at, of, without, by, before):

   He left without paying

 After certain expressions: (b.v. it's no use, it's no good, can't help,  can’t stand)

   It's no use arguing

After certain verbs: (b.v. mind,  enjoy, like fancy, finish, quit, suggest)    

 I suggested going to the seaside

She delayed ...
(get) out of bed.

1. to get
2. getting

He demanded ... (speak) to the manager.

1. to speak
2. speaking

I offered ... (help).

1. to help
2. helping

I miss ... (go) to the beach.

1. to go
2. going

I'd hate ... (arrive) too late.

1. to arrive
2. arriving

I chose ... (work) here.

1. to work
2. working

Practice!

1 It’s no use (cry) crying.

2 I prefer (cook) cooking myself to (be cooked for) being cooked for.

3 Why do you keep (stare) staring at me?

4 Would you mind (sign) signing the back of the cheque and (show) showing us some proof of your identity?

5 He dreads (have) having (‘to dread’ = ‘vrezen’ en hoort eigenlijk ook hier in het rijtje thuis) to go into hospital.

6 I can’t understand her (shout) shouting like that.

7 He put off (visit) visiting (‘to put off’ = ‘to postpone’) his mother until it was too late (do) to do anything more to help her

8 He suggested (call) calling for a referendum and (leave) leaving the people (decide) to decide the matter themselves.

9 There is no point in (arrive) arriving (gerund na voorzetsel) too early. We’d only have (queue) to queue (have to’ = ‘moeten’).

10 The teacher accused her of (be) being (gerund na voorzetsel) rude to the caretaker but she denied (have) having sworn at the man.

11 He surprised us all by (leave) leaving without (say) saying (gerund na voorzetsel) ‘Good---bye’.

12 I am looking forward to (meet) to meeting (gerund na voorzetsel) you.

13 He made an enormous profit by (buy) buying (gerund na voorzetsel) old houses and (renovate) renovating (gerund na voorzetsel) them before he re---sold them.

14 At dinner she annoyed me by (drink) drinking (gerund na voorzetsel) too much.

15 ‘I found it strange at first,’ the young man admitted, ‘but after a time I got used to (live) living (gerund na voorzetsel) abroad and even got (like) to like it.’ (‘I got to like it’ = ‘Ik ging het prettig

vinden.’)

1 Als je niet voorzichtig bent, riskeer je dat je alles verliest wat je hebt.

If you’re not careful, you risk losing everything you have.

2 Ik kan niet begrijpen dat hij zulke dingen zegt.

I can’t understand him (of eventueel: ‘his’) saying things like that/ saying such things.

3 Ze denkt erover om een nieuwe baan te zoeken.

She’s thinking about finding a new job.

Gerund na voorzetsel

4 Het heeft geen enkele zin om nog langer te wachten.

It’s no use waiting any longer. There’s no point in waiting any longer.

5 Ik weet nog dat we destijds (at the time) goede vrienden waren.

I remember us being good friends at the time.

6 Ze drongen erop aan dat we mee zouden gaan (to come along) naar EuroDisney.

They insisted on us (eventueel: ‘our’) coming along to EuroDisney.

7 Hij ging maar door met zeuren. (to nag)

He went on / he kept on nagging.

8 De man ontkende dat hij bij de zaak betrokken was. (to be involved)

The man denied being involved in the case.

9 Ik kan me echt niet voorstellen dat jij leraar bent.

I really can’t imagine you being a teacher.

10 Ik stel voor dat we dit bij de politie aangeven. (to report)

I suggest reporting this to the police.