1940: - German invasion of Norway and Denmark (April)
- German invasion of Netherlands, Belgium and Luxemburg (May)
- German invasion of France (May / June)
- Battle of Britain (summer)
Slide 9 - Tekstslide
Germany: The Weimar Republic
After the war, Germany faced many problems. It had to deal with reparations, the fact that the emperor had fled to the Netherlands and that the country was on the brink of chaos. In 1919, an uprising was led by the Spartacus League. They were supported by Lenin and wanted to turn Germany into a communist state. Though the government broke up the rebellion using the Freikorps (see next video), this uprising revealed Germany’s vulnerability.
In July 1919, Germany became a democracy with universal suffrage, a parliament and a president. The name of the State was still Deutsches Reich, but was unofficially called Weimar Republic. But the leaders of the young republic could not end the political unrest. The main cause for it was that many Germans, including politicians, hated the Treaty of Versailles. They felt humiliated because of the loss of territory, the high amount of reparations and the derogation of the army. Some believed that Germany should have continued to fight and that its politicians had betrayed the army. Many believed this stab-in-the-back myth. Among them was Adolf Hitler.
two cartoons about the so-called "Dolchstoss-legende", the
"stab-in-the-back myth"
Slide 10 - Tekstslide
SA
Slide 11 - Woordweb
Brownshirts and a failed coup.
The Nazi’s founded the Sturmabteilung (SA), to stand guard during meetings and to fight communists. Also known as the Brownshirts, these men were a fighting unit, just like Mussolini’s Blackshirts. The Nazi’s strategy was to use violence and street fights to spread fear and to show citizens that the Weimar government was weak. Indeed, the parliament of the Weimar Republic and the police had a hard time keeping order, which weakened people’s trust in democracy even more. On 8th November 1923, Hitler planned a coup in the city of Munich; he and hundreds of Brownshirts tried to take some politicians hostage as they made speeches in a tavern. With this Bierkellerputch, Hitler wanted to take over the Bavarian government and eventually overthrow the government in Berlin. The coup failed and Hitler was sent to prison.
Slide 12 - Tekstslide
MEIN KAMPF
Slide 13 - Woordweb
Mein Kampf
In prison, Hitler developed his plans and wrote the book Mein Kampf (My struggle). As Mussolini had implemented his fascist ideas, Hitler wanted to build a powerful German empire that he would call the Third Reich. For this, the state needed one strong leader with absolute power. Democracy, personal freedom and equal rights had to be abolished. Germany had to become a totalitarian state. Like Mussolini in Italy, Hitler glorified violence and the military. He believed that war was a part of evolution because it separates the strong from the weak.
Slide 14 - Tekstslide
REICHSTAG FIRE
Slide 15 - Woordweb
Hitler becomes a dictator
On 27th February 1933, fear spread in Berlin when the Reichstag building went up in flames. The Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe was arrested and he admitted his guilt. As soon as Hitler heard about the fire, he used it to his advantage: he blamed the communists for causing terror and trying to take power. A wave of anticommunist sentiment struck Germany: communists were arrested and Hitler banned their party. At new elections on 5th March 1933, the NSDAP and another nationalist party together gained 52% of all votes, which gave them a majority to rule.
summarize
How did Hitler take advantage of the Rechstag Fire?
How did the Reichstag Fire help Hitler to an overall majority in the Reichstag?
Slide 16 - Tekstslide
ENABLING ACT (1933)
Slide 17 - Woordweb
Hitler reached for dictatorial power as soon as possible: riding the wave of fear in Germany, he convinced president Hindenburg to sign the Enabling Act on 23rd March 1933.
This enabled Hitler to make and pass laws without the involvement of the parliament. The Enabling Act opened up a path towards totalitarian control. Hitler altered the constitution to banish all political parties and labour unions, except the Nazi Party. He also divided the country up into provinces and shires, ensuring that each was ruled by a highly-placed Nazi that he could trust. In this way, Hitler was able to exert sole power and thus became a dictator.
summarize
What was the Enabling Act and why was this important for Hitler?
What measures did Hitler take to ensure his dictatorial power after the Enabling Act was passed?
Slide 18 - Tekstslide
START OF WW2
Slide 19 - Woordweb
Introduction
For Hitler, the Conference at Munich was a sign that France and Britain would not resist if he invaded Czechoslovakia.
On 15th March 1939, Nazi troops marched into Czechoslovakia. From this, the British and French had learned a hard lesson: Hitler could neither be appeased, nor be trusted.
Still the Allied forces did not declare war on Germany.
March 15, 1938. German troops enter the Czech capital city of Prague.
Slide 20 - Tekstslide
1. describe the emotions of the crowd watching the German troops in the previous slide
Slide 21 - Open vraag
2. Discuss with a classmate: how do you think it made Hitler feel that Britain and France did not declare war on Germany after he invaded Czechoslovakia?
Slide 22 - Open vraag
The Nazi-Soviet Pact
The Nazis hated the communists and Hitler even had plans to conquer parts of the Soviet Union. However, by the end of 1938, talks between Germany and Soviet Union were opened. How was this possible?
First of all, Hitler had learned from the First World War that a two-front war should be avoided at all costs. Germany needed raw materials from Eastern Europe for military supplies, but Hitler wanted to avoid a fight with Stalin’s armies over it. Secondly, Stalin realised that he was in desperate need of allies; France and Britain had made very clear that they rejected an alliance with the Soviet Union. In August 1939, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was signed; this stated that the Soviet Union would remain neutral if Hitler attacked Poland. It also contained a secret clause: Stalin and Hitler agreed to invade and divide Poland between them.
Source A
Hitler greeting Stalin after the invasion of Poland. Hitler: ‘The scum of the earth, I believe?’ Stalin: ‘The bloody assassin of the workers, I presume?’ Political cartoon published in a British paper on 21 October 1939.
Slide 23 - Tekstslide
3. After Czechoslovakia, what was Hitler's next target?
A
Russia
B
France
C
Great-Britain
D
Poland
Slide 24 - Quizvraag
4a. Study Source A. Does the cartoonist consider Hitler and Stalin as leaders who are likely to cooperate? Use the source to support your answer.
Slide 25 - Open vraag
4b. Study Source A. Discuss with a classmate: did the cartoonist know that Stalin and Hitler agreed to invade and divide Poland?
Slide 26 - Open vraag
5. Which of the following was not a reason for Russia to make an alliance with Germany?
A
Stalin needed time to re-arm to defend Russia against the Nazis.
B
Stalin believed that Hitler was the bloody assassin of the workers.
C
Stalin made a secret agreement with Hitler to divide Poland between them.
D
Stalin did not trust England and France as allies because they did not stand up to Hitler
Slide 27 - Quizvraag
6. Why was the world stunned by the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
A
Nazis and communists hated each other
B
Hitler had promised to make an alliance with Britain
C
Stalin had promised to make an alliance with Britain
D
France and Britain had promised to make an alliance with Hitler
Slide 28 - Quizvraag
Source C
In the car: Hitler and his cronies. The roadsign: CCCP is the Soviet Union.
Source B
Slide 29 - Tekstslide
7a. Study source B. What would be a fitting title?
A
a marriage of convenience
B
a marriage of love
C
a marriage of necessity
D
a marriage of appeasement
Slide 30 - Quizvraag
7b. Study Source B. Explain the caption.
Slide 31 - Open vraag
8a. Study Source C. Mention 2 elements from the source that indicate that Hitler has aggressive intentions.
Slide 32 - Open vraag
8b. Study Source C. Which 2 countries are represented by the two policemen?
Slide 33 - Open vraag
8c. Study source C. What is the most likely translation of the text on the LEFT sign?
A
Poland
B
Western Europe
C
Sudetenland
D
Son & Breugel
Slide 34 - Quizvraag
8d. Study Source C. From the source you can see another reason for Stalin to make a pact with Hitler instead of with the western allies. Explain this using the term 'appeasement'.
Slide 35 - Open vraag
The start of World War 2
Although Chamberlain guaranteed that Britain would defend Poland if Hitler decided to attack, Hitler had already started planning to invade Poland in the summer of 1939.
Hitler invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, just nine days after the Nazi-Soviet pact was signed. Against all Hitler’s expectations, England declared war on Germany two days later. Then France followed: the Second World War had begun.
On 17th September 1939, the Russians joined in to occupy their part of Poland; within weeks, Poland was defeated.
German bombers over Poland
Slide 36 - Tekstslide
Slide 37 - Tekstslide
Slide 38 - Video
Blitzkrieg in the West
Hitler decided to force England and France into a peace before trying to conquer the Soviet Union as well. Therefore he had to conquer Western Europe first. Hitler was successful in a short period of time due to a new type of warfare, the so-called Blitzkrieg (‘lightning war’). This type of warfare relied on mobility and powerful, surprise attacks. Tanks and armoured trucks, supported by aircrafts, were used to break through enemy defence lines. Opponents were unable to respond to German pace, surprise attacks and deep penetrations. Hitler even ordered big cities to be bombed to force his opponents to surrender. Like most other countries, France’s strategy was defensive and relied on the Maginot Line: a ‘supertrench’ to defend its border. As a result, France was unable to attack Hitler.
The Maginot Line today: a monument, museum and tourist attraction.
Slide 39 - Tekstslide
Slide 40 - Tekstslide
By May 1940, Hitler had occupied Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxemburg. Hitler was now able to concentrate completely on France. Unlike the First World War, the French were unable to resist the German Blitzkrieg. By June 1940, France asked for a truce. Most of its territory was then occupied by Germany. Only a small area in the south, Vichy France, remained independent but cooperating with Germany.
After the French capitulation Hitler visited Paris. Here he poses in front of the Eifel Tower.
Left: Albert Speer, Hitler's architect. Note the film cameraman (bottom right), filming for the propaganda newsreel.
Victory parade: German troops march along the Arc the Triomph in Paris.
Slide 41 - Tekstslide
9. Which statement is true? Statement I: The Blitzkrieg was a swift and fierce German military campaign. Statement II: A small area in France remained unoccupied by Germany.
A
Both statements are true.
B
Both statements are false
C
Statement I is false and statement II is true.
D
Statement I is true and statement II is false.
Slide 42 - Quizvraag
Britain takes a stand
In May 1940, Winston Churchill succeeded Chamberlain as Prime Minister. Churchill had opposed appeasement from the start and refused every offer of peace from the Germans. To prepare for war, conscription had been introduced in 1939.
In Britain, many people, especially children and women, were evacuated to the countryside, because bombing of cities was anticipated. Gas masks were distributed and at night there was total blackout: windows had to be covered so no light came from houses to prevent enemy aircraft locating cities or industrial centres to bomb.
Hitler wanted to invade Britain, but knew that the British navy was strong. This is why he wanted to force Britain to surrender by bombing its cities; to do this, he needed to destroy the British Royal Air Force (RAF), so German bombers could operate unopposed. In the summer of 1940, the air war called the Battle of Britain started.
Londoners sheltering on a station on the underground railway during ‘the Blitz’. London was bombed on 76 consecutive nights between July 1940 and May 1941.
Slide 43 - Tekstslide
The Battle of Britain
At first the German Luftwaffe dominated: hundreds of RAF planes were shot down and it was hard for the British to train enough new pilots to replace those killed in air fights. But the RAF held out and Britain survived. British aircraft then bombed Germany until the end of the war.
modern painting of British spitfires.
The British airforce was known as the RAF (Royal Air Force) while the German airforce is known as the "Luftwaffe".
London was hit hard by German bombs during what the British call: "The Blitz"
RAF pilots posing for the camera before going on a mission
The Germans used special typewriters called enigma machines to send code messages. They did not know however, that the British were able to decipher their codes. Because of this, British cities could sometimes be evacuated in time if the Germans planned to bomb them.
Slide 44 - Tekstslide
Write down one question about something in this lesson that you still don't fully understand.