Repeat Evolution with questions

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 4

Which of the following is an acceptable definition of evolution?

1. a change in the phenotypic makeup of a population                          
2. a change in the genetic makeup of a population
3. a change in the environmental conditions of a population               
4. a change in the species composition of a region

Darwin:

“ As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive,and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving and thus be naturally selected. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form.”

Darwin:

“ As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive,and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving and thus be naturally selected. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form.”

The reason you get selection

Darwin:

“ As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive,and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving and thus be naturally selected. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form.”

Better adapted individuals have an increased chance of surviving

Darwin:

“ As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive,and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving and thus be naturally selected. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form.”

These better surviving individuals will pass their genetic information on more frequently

An example of one of Darwin’s pieces of evidence for natural selection is


1. in a litter of tiger cubs, some are born larger than others
2. mutations occur when organisms are exposed to UV light
3. the deeper in the ground a fossil is, the older it is
4. DNA sequences can help scientists determine the relationships between species

Four steps to earn all points

1. There is variation in the population caused by mutations

2. Some individuals have an advantage in survival (describe the advantage)

3. The better adapted individuals will reproduce more (higher fitness) 

4. The genes of the better adapted individuals will therefore become more common in the population

Types of natural selection

1. Stabilizing selection: the mean has the advantage

2. Directional selection: one end of the spectrum has the advantage

3. Diversifying/disruptive selection: the extremes have the advantage

Which of the following environments would select for flight in insects? 

1. a cage with slippery walls that insects can’t climb, and an electrified screen at the top

2. a swamp full of frogs that can see and catch flying insects better than crawling insects
3. a forest full of bats that catch insects in flight
4. a cage with no predators, in which food is provided in high dishes

Species

A group of organisms with similar features which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring, and which are reproductively isolated from other species

According to the biological species concept, a species is

1. a group of individuals which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
2. a group of individuals which can interbreed and which live close enough together to actually do so
3. a group of individuals who look very similar
4. a group of individuals who have a common ancestor

Speciation

Formation of new species

Requirements:

1. Reproductive isolation: gene pools of populations are seperated
2. Genetic variation in population: variation and selection can lead to different populations

Types of speciation

• Allopatric speciation: physical barrier (geographic isolation) causes reproductive isolation
• Sympatric speciation: no physical barrier

During a speciation event, which normally comes first, geographical isolation or reproductive isolation?

1. reproductive isolation
2. geographical isolation
3. they both occur at the same time

Examples of reproductive isolation in sympatric speciation

Which is an example of temporal isolation?

1. a type of fly is ready to mate by the middle of February every year, while a closely related species does not mate until the middle of March.
2. two animals of different species can mate but the fertilized egg never survives to develop.
3. female fruit flies can distinguish males of their species by a special antenna-waving dance
4. pollen from one plant cannot grow correctly on the flower of a different species

Which is an example of behavioural isolation?

1. a type of fly is ready to mate by the middle of February every year, while a closely related species does not mate until the middle of March.
2. two animals of different species can mate but the fertilized egg never survives to develop.
3. female fruit flies can distinguish males of their species by a special antenna-waving dance
4. pollen from one plant cannot grow correctly on the flower of a different species

Classifying organisms

Based on:

• Morphology: build and structure
• DNA

• Each level is included in the level above it
• Levels get increasingly specific from domain to species

If two organisms are in the same phylum, they must also be in the same:

1. Class
2. Family
3. Species
4. Kingdom

Bacteria + Archaea = prokaryotes

Eukarya = eukaryotes

Scientific name: Genus and species name together

Which organisms are most closely related?

1. Naja naja (cobra) and Crotalus atrox (rattlesnake)
2. Equus ceballas (horse) and Equus burchelli (zebra)
3. Cyanea artica (jellyfish) and Asterias rubens (sea star)
4. Alligator mississippiensis (alligator) and Crocodyllus porosus (crocodile)

Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the wing of a bat?

1. the dorsal fin of a shark
2. the tail of a kangaroo
3. the wing of a butterfly
4. the arm of a human

Phylogenetic trees

• Show relationships

• Show evolutionary distance

• Show common ancestors 

Based on the phylogenetic tree below, which statement best describes a relationship between the common ancestor and the other organisms?

1. The common ancestor is more closely related to humans than baboons.
2. Rhesus monkeys have the exact same DNA as the common ancestor.
3. The common ancestor shares DNA with each of the other organisms.
4. Chimpanzees were the first organisms to evolve from the common ancestor.