Enlightenment

• Geschiedenis
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 2

Welcome

Today we will discuss:

 4.2 the age of reason 

4.3 absolutism and Enlightenment.

Lesson plan

Instruction 4.2 The age of Reason

Instruction 4.3 Enlightenment and absolutism.

Quiz

What is the white thing in the symbol for this age

1. An axe
2. The gallows
3. The guillotine
4. don't know

What dates belong to this Age?

1. the 18th century
2. the 1800s
3. 1800 - 1900 AD
4. the 17th century

the Time of Wigs and Revolutions

1701 - 1800

Typical Aspects:

-the Enlightenment

-the American Revolution

-slavery and abolitionism

-the French Revolution

the 18th century

Learning objectives

Main question: Which new ideas developed during the Enlightenment?

• You can explain that the Enlightenment was a new way of thinking.
• You can name and explain three aspects of the Enlightenment.
  
• You can explain what kind of criticism enlightened thinkers had on the estate-based society and the government in France.
• You can explain the ideas of Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu about the influence of citizens on government.
  
• You can explain how rulers responded to the enlightened ideas.
• You can explain how enlightened ideas spread.
• You know the terms and dates of this section.

Modern day context

People revolting against their goverment(s)

The age of Reason

1. In general the time between 1700 and 1800 can be seen as the time in which citizens take power from kings
2. Lots of our modern ideas about rights/education/freedom are formed here

What impact did the age of Reason have on global societies?

1. Formation of modern ideas about rights and education
2. Increase in religious persecution
3. Expansion of empires through conquest
4. Decline in trade and commerce

So why does all this happen in this age

Several reasons, main ones:

• absolutism --> kings got more powerful, this pissed people off
• Absolutism 2 --> kings had made normal citizens more powerful instead of nobles, new group in society, rich educated citizens
• Enlightenment --> new ideas about how the world should work.

What is one of the main reasons for the increase in power of kings during this age?

1. Absolutism
2. Enlightenment
3. Industrial Revolution
4. Feudalism

The Enlightenment

• The Enlightenment = De Verlichting
  
• It was a new way of thinking that spread across Europe in the 18th century
  
• It is also called "The Age of Reason"
  
• It evolved from the Scientific Revolution
  
• Bright thinkers believed that with the use of reason, they could solve all problems and rid the world of "dark ideas".
  
• if they were succesful the world would be "enlightened".
  

Enlightened thinkers (philosophers) used reason to hopefully improve:

• politics ( the divine right of kings? Does that make any sense?)
• religion ( does God exist? Can this be proven by science?)
• economy (what economic system can make everybody wealthy, not just a small group?)
• social issues ( poverty, inequality, criminality. Can we solve these problems by using reason and science?)

Lots of different thinkers, lots of different ideas

Reason

• In general the enlightenment stresses the importance of reasons
• Everyone has a brain, everyone can think logically
• The problem is that some people don't train and use it
• The church and absolute rulers also make people lazy thinkers: "we will tell you what to think"
• Most enligtened thinkers say that this has to stop.

John Locke:

All people have natural rights that nobody can take away, not even a king.

What would you consider to be a
BASIC RIGHT for all humans?

Voltaire

• wrote more than two thousand books and pamphlets on all sorts of topics
• was very critical towards the catholic church and the French king.
• because of this he was put in prison and later exiled from France
• his ideas were important in the French Revolution

website

Montesquieu

• He is famous for his theory of the Separation of Powers (Trias Politica):
• The power of the state should never be in the hands of one person.
• therefore power should be split up into three seperate parts, being:
• the legislative (making laws), executive (carrying out the laws) and judicial (providing independent judgement) branch.
• his ideas are still used in most constitutions all over the world.

website

Adam Smith

• Scottish economist. Wrote the book "Wealth of Nations"
• Believed that the economy works best if there is Free Trade.
• A government should not interfere in the economy.
• He was against mercantilism.

website

Write down a question about something from this lesson that you don't understand.

0

What were the three estates in 18th century France?

1. Clergy, nobility, 3rd estate (soldiers)
2. Soldiers, nobility, 3rd estate (citizens/workers/farmers)
3. Clergy, nobility, 3rd estate (citizens/workers/farmers)
4. Kings, church and the rest.

How do we call the government in France where the king has absolute power and where there are estates with their own privileges?

1. absolutism
2. Ancien Régime
3. estate-based society
4. unitary state

What doesn't match the Second Estate?

1. Pay taxes
2. Own courts of justice and judges
3. Don't have to pay taxes
4. Help the king govern

Which estates had mostly rights and very few duties?

1. The farmers, citizens and nobility
2. The clergy and nobility
3. The clergy, the farmers and citizens
4. The citizens, clergy and nobility

"We do pay taxes, but have no say in government. That is unfair! "
To which group does this statement belong?

1. Farmers
2. Wealthy citizens
3. Nobility
4. Clergy

How was it that the French treasury was almost empty?

1. War expenses
2. High debts and interest rates
3. Spending of the royal couple
4. All answers are correct

The Enlightenment

(De Verlichting)

Period (1650-1800) in which religion and tradition give way to logical and rational reasoning. Enlightened citizens were critical about the Church, government and society and wanted to improve them.

Confidence in science

• The scientific revolution of the seventeenth century had led to new inventions and discoveries. 
• Logical (rational) thinking and experimentation led to new knowledge.
• People gained more confidence in the human mind ('ratio'). 
• Would lead to more and more knowledge and logical explanations.
• More knowledge would 'enlighten' mankind.

Confidence in science

• The Enlightenment led to new ideas about God.
• Enlightened thinkers believed that God had created the earth and man, but that he no longer interfered with his creation.
  
• The world worked according to natural laws (for example Newton's law of universal gravitation).
  
• There were logical explanations for disasters (wasn't God's punishment).
  
• By using logical thinking instead of accepting everything the Church or government said, people could overcome superstition (be 'enlightened').

A new society

• The Enlightenment caused people to think differently about society. Society could be improved by using the mind ('social engineering'). 
• Education important to improve society.
• Important aspects:
  

1. Religious
2. Social
3. Political
4. Economic (not required)

A new society

Religious

• Church criticism (persecutions and ban on other religions). Religious truth couldn't be proven by means of scientific evidence. 
• Religious tolerance = No punishments for believing something different. Acceptance with regard to other religions.
• Separation of Church and state = The Church shouldn't interfere with government and the state couldn't interfere in religious matters. 

A new society

Social

• Criticism of inequality of the (estate-based) society. All were born with natural rights. Rights everybody has from birth. Nobody is allowed to violate the rights of others, such as the right to freedom, health and property.
• Freedom, for example the freedom of speech, press freedom, freedom of religion or freedom of trade.
• Equality, for example equality before law, gender equality, equality for slave and non-slave or even abolition of slavery. 

A new society

Political

Criticism of absolutism. Led to abuse of power and was based on religion.

John Locke

• King was given power by the people.
• Duty of the king: protect the rights of the people.
• If the king didn't perform well, the people were

      allowed to rebel.

A new society

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• People shouldn't give power to the king.
• Power should always lie with people (democracy).
• Against absolutism.

Charles de Montesquieu

Separation of powers ('Trias Politica'): 

Power had to be divided into three parts (legislative, executive and

judiciary).

A new society

Legislative power

• Parliament (representative assembly)
• Make rules and laws

Executive power

• King and ministers (government)
• Carry out rules and laws

Judicial power 

• Judges
• Issue punishments when people don't comply with rules and laws.

The rulers' responses

Absolute monarchs and churches weren't happy with enlightend ideas.

• Banned books that criticised the government or the Church. 

       Censorship = government's ban on the disclosure of, for example, texts, 

       plays and pieces of music.

• Enlightened thinkers were banished or imprisoned.

Yet kings and the Church couldn't stop the spread of enlightened ideas.

The rulers' responses

• Enlightened ideas were popular among the bourgeoisie.
• Met in coffee houses and salons to read and discuss.
• Ideas spread through magazines and newspapers.
• This is how a public opinion emerged.
  

Which sentence or sentences are correct?
1 Enlightened thinkers felt that people should decide themselves what to believe.
2 They were against religious tolerance.
3 They believed there was a logical explanation for everything.
4 Before the Enlightenment, almost everyone believed that God no longer intervened in life.

1. Sentences 1 and 3
2. Sentence 4
3. Sentences 1, 3 and 4
4. Sentences 2 and 3

Which enlightened thinker developed the 'Trias Politica'?

1. John Locke
2. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3. Charles de Montesquieu
4. Baruch Spinoza

Why is Trias Politica important?

1. It prevents abuse of power.
2. More people are involved in government.
3. The king receives help in the administration.
4. It leads to more equality.

Which sentences match enlightened thinkers?
1. If a ruler doesn't perform well, the ruler can be replaced by the people.
2. The power of the government should be divided among the government, parliament and judges.
3. A king doesn't have to answer for his actions to anyone.
4. The Church should have a say in government.

1. 1 and 2
2. 1 and 3
3. 2 and 3
4. 2 and 4

Which sentences match the Ancien Régime?
1. Every state should have a constitution which sets out the citizens right's and duties and government's organisation .
2. Rulers received their power from God.
3. Kings and ministers were given their power by the people.
4. The king is the law.

1. 1 and 2
2. 1 and 3
3. 2 and 3
4. 2 and 4

Your tasks

Tomorrow 4.5 slavery will be discussed. Then all exercises up until 4.3 need to be finished. (=homework check)

Next week 

Tuesday: finish chapter 4
Wednesday: formative test 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.5