Become a grammarian!

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• mavo, havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 3

Grammar

"Life is like grammar: there are more exceptions than rules" 

- Remy de Gourmont

Goals

• how to write a sentence using the indirect speech 
• tell why we use the Past Perfect Simple
• know how to conjugate the most common irregular verbs 

1. Direct Speech to Indirect Speech
   
   
2. Past Perfect & Past Simple
   
   
3. Irregular Verbs

1. Direct Speech to Indirect Speech
   
   
2. Past Perfect & Past Simple
   
   
3. Irregular Verbs

WHAT IS IT?

• Report what another person has said, without using the speaker’s exact words (direct speech) 
  
  
• 'We go one step back in time'
  
  
• Since we report back on something, 'Indirect Speech' is often called 'Reported Speech'

DIRECT SPEECH

- Present simple             

- Present continuous   

- Past simple                    

REPORTED SPEECH

- Past simple

- Past continuous

- Past perfect

                            

DIRECT SPEECH

- Steven said: "I  love that movie!"

- Boris said: "I  am living in London."

- Charly said: "I bought a new car."

REPORTED SPEECH

- Steven said (that) he loved that movie.

- Boris said (that) he was living in London

- Charly said (that) he had bought a new car.

Direct or Indirect?

The chauffeur said: "Get in!"

1. Direct Speech
2. Indirect Speech

Direct or Indirect?

The Principal said that our lessons would be online from now on.

1. Direct Speech
2. Indirect Speech

Direct or Indirect?

My neighbour said: "Can I borrow some sugar?"

1. Direct Speech
2. Indirect Speech

Put this sentence in the Indirect Speech form:

Luke said: "I like ice cream!"

Put this sentence in the Indirect Speech form:

The teacher said: "I made a quiz for all of you."

Put this sentence in the Indirect Speech form:

The group said: "We are going skiing next weekend."

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

Repeating without using the exact words

Using double quotation marks

Past Simple becomes Past Perfect

First person pronoun becomes a third person pronoun

Present Simple becomes Past Simple

1. Direct Speech to Indirect Speech
   
   
2. Past Perfect & Past Simple
   
   
3. Irregular Verbs

WHAT IS IT?

• Describe one action that happened before another action in the past
  
  
• We use the Past Perfect to describe the action that happened before or earlier
  
  
• We use the Past Simple to describe the action that happened second or later

Past Simple

- I bought a car

Past Perfect

- I had saved up enough money

Past Simple: 

- I bought a car.

- I took the book from the shelf.

Past Perfect: 

- I had saved up enough money.

- I had read the introduction.

Past Perfect Simple: 

- I bought a car after I had saved up enough money.

- I took the book from the shelf when I had read the introduction.

• By the time Doris got to the party, everyone had gone home.
  
  
• I had lived there for three years before I met her.
  
  
• Before I  knew it, she had run out of the door. 
  
  
• I didn't say anything until she had finished talking

Fill in the gap:

I ... a letter to my uncle, after I had received one from him.

1. write
2. wrote
3. will write
4. had written

Fill in the gap:

When I arrived at school, someone .... into my locker.

1. had broken
2. broke
3. hadn't broken
4. breaks

Fill in the gap:

.... up your room by the time your parents .... home?

1. cleaning, get
2. cleaned, had gotten
3. Had you cleaned, got
4. Did you clean, got

Fill in the gap:

She ... not see him until he ... apologised.

1. would, had
2. will, has
3. might, has
4. will, had

Fill in the gap:

After Sophie .... her work, she .... to lunch.

1. finished, went
2. had finished, went
3. hadn't finished, went
4. finishes, will

Fill in the gap:

The teacher ... if we ... for the exam.

1. asks, had studied
2. is asking, studied
3. asked, studied
4. asked, had studied

Fill in the gap:

I ... some flowers until the sun ... down.

1. picked, had gone
2. was picking, went
3. am picking, went
4. picked, is

1. Direct Speech to Indirect Speech
   
   
2. Past Perfect & Past Simple
   
   
3. Irregular Verbs

WHAT IS IT?

• Verbs that do not follow the standard rules for conjugation
  
  
• Standard rules? Conjugation with -s, -ed
  
  
• Remember them! 

Most common irregular verbs

- be

- have

- say

- do

- know

- buy

- get

- see

- think

- go

Use the correct form of the irregular verb

We .... (buy) a house last year.

1. buy
2. bought
3. are buying

Use the correct form of the irregular verb

I .... (go) home when the part had ended.

1. hade gone
2. went
3. go
4. am going

Use the correct form of the irregular verb

I .... (know) what we will have to learn for the test.

1. knew
2. have known
3. know
4. am knowing

Use the correct form of the irregular verb

We ... (see) a tiger when we were in Africa.

1. saw
2. had seen
3. are seeing
4. see

Use the correct form of the irregular verb

Who would have ... (think) that we would end up in a worldwide pandemic.

1. been thinking
2. thinks
3. thought

Use the correct form of the irregular verb

TikTok ... (be) the latest social media hype.

1. were
2. was
3. is
4. has been

Use the correct form of the irregular verb

Students at Spinoza20First ... (take) all of their exams online.

1. took
2. take
3. have taken
4. have been taking

Evaluate

EVALUATE

I want to say what someone said, but without using their exact words.

1. Direct Speech
2. Past Perfect Simple
3. Indirect Speech
4. Reported Speech

This action happened in the past before another action in the past.

1. Past Perfect
2. Past Simple
3. Past Perfect Simple
4. Past Continuous

These verbs are irregular

1. work
2. think
3. say
4. play