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13.3 Hydroxy compounds

USES OF HALOGENOALKANES
Organic Chemistry
07 March 2024
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ChemistrySecondary EducationAge 12,13

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USES OF HALOGENOALKANES
Organic Chemistry
07 March 2024

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Uses of CFCs
  • Chlorofluorocarbons are compounds containing carbon with chlorine and fluorine atoms attached. Two common CFCs are CFC-11 or Freon-11 (CCl3F) and CFC-12 or Freon-12 (CCl2F2).

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Effects of CFCs to the environment
  • destruction of the ozone layer (O3)

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HYDROXY COMPOUNDS
Organic Chemistry
07 March 2024

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  • use the information from the given diagrams to describe the properties of alcohols
  • describe reactions that alcohols undergo
Learning expectations

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HYDROXY COMPOUNDS
Organic Chemistry
07 March 2024

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  • Compounds in which an -OH group has replaced one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane
ALCOHOLS

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CLASSIFICATIONS

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EXAMPLES

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HYDROXY COMPOUNDS
Organic Chemistry
07 March 2024

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  • soluble in water
  • solubility decreases as the number of carbon atoms increases
  • have higher boiling points than the alkanes with similar Mr 
Properties of Alcohols

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HYDROXY COMPOUNDS
Organic Chemistry
07 March 2024

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  • Combustion
  • Dehydration to give alkenes
  • Reaction with sodium
  • Substitution to give halogenoalkanes
  • Oxidation
  • Esterification
Reactions of alcohols

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  • Reagent : Oxygen supply
  • Condition : Heat
  • Product : Carbon dioxide(and carbon monoxide) and water
COMBUSTION

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it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile
  • Reagent : Excess concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4 or hot
  • Catalyst : aluminium oxide, Al2O3
  • Condition : Heat at about 170 °C
  • Product : Alkenes
DEHYDRATION

Slide 17 - Tekstslide

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile
  • Reagent : Excess concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4 or hot
  • Catalyst : aluminium oxide, Al2O3
  • Condition : Heat at about 170 °C
  • Product : Alkenes
DEHYDRATION of complicated alcohol

Slide 18 - Tekstslide

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile
  • Reagent : Sodium metal, Na
  • Condition : Room temperature
  • Product : Alkoxides and hydrogen gas
REACTION WITH SODIUM METAL, Na

Slide 19 - Tekstslide

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile
  • Reagent : hydrogen halide, HX
  • Product : Halogenoalkane
SUBSTITUTION TO GIVE HALOGENOALKANES

Slide 20 - Tekstslide

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile
  • Reagent : phosphorus halide, PCl5/PCl3/PBr3/PI3
  • Product : Halogenoalkane, white fumes of hydrogen chloride gas
SUBSTITUTION TO GIVE HALOGENOALKANES

Slide 21 - Tekstslide

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile
  • Reagent : thionyl chloride, SOCl2
  • Product : Halogenoalkane, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride
SUBSTITUTION TO GIVE HALOGENOALKANES

Slide 22 - Tekstslide

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile
  • Reagent : Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 or acidified potassium manganate(VI), KMnO4
  • Condition : Heat under reflux
  • Products : 
  • Primary alcohol - Aldehydes and carboxylic acids
  • Secondary alcohol - Ketones
  • Tertiary alcohol - Will not be oxidised
OXIDATION

Slide 23 - Tekstslide

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile
  • Reagent : Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 or acidified potassium manganate(VI), KMnO4
  • Condition : Heat under reflux
  • Products : 
  • Primary alcohol in excess - Aldehydes and carboxylic acids
OXIDATION 1

Slide 24 - Tekstslide

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile
  • Reagent : Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 or acidified potassium manganate(VI), KMnO4
  • Condition : Heat under reflux
  • Products : 
  • Primary alcohol (limited) - Aldehydes and carboxylic acids
OXIDATION 1

Slide 25 - Tekstslide

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile
  • Reagent : Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 or acidified potassium manganate(VI), KMnO4
  • Condition : Heat under reflux
  • Products : 
  • Secondary alcohol - Ketones
OXIDATION 2

Slide 26 - Tekstslide

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile
  • Reagent : Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 or acidified potassium manganate(VI), KMnO4
  • Condition : Heat under reflux
  • Products : 
  • Secondary alcohol - Ketones
OXIDATION 2

Slide 27 - Tekstslide

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile
SUMMARY OF OXIDATION REACTIONS

Slide 28 - Tekstslide

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile
  • Reagent : Carboxylic acid
  • Condition : Heat under reflux with concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4 as catalyst
  • Products : Esters (derivatives of carboxylic acids)
ESTERIFICATION

Slide 29 - Tekstslide

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile
  • Reagent : Carboxylic acid
  • Condition : Heat under reflux with concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4 as catalyst
  • Products : Esters (derivatives of carboxylic acids)
ESTERIFICATION

Slide 30 - Tekstslide

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile

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