Sentence structure: Section 2

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• Middelbare school
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• Leerjaar 2

WELCOME!

Welcome t2b !

Today's topics

Energiser.

Recap yesterday

Start with real sentence structure

When do you use captial letters?

• First word of a sentence.
• Names (and titles), places. (these are proper nouns).
• Adjectives derived from proper nouns (American flag).
• Abbreviations (FBI, CIA, AIVD).
• The pronoun 'I'

Puntuation

- Periods (or full stops).

- Question marks?

- Exlamation points!

- 'quotation marks'.

- semicolons ( ; ).

- colons ( : ).

- Apostrophes.

- Commas

Periods (or full stops).

At the end of a sentence.

At the end of a command or request. Please do your homework.

Before a decimal number. I write 2.5 pages a day.

Between dollars and cents. The newspaper costs $1.50.

In a person's intials. My name is J.O. Witberg.

Question marks?

At the end of a question. 

Why do you look so sad?

Inside quotation marks if the quote is a question.

She asked, "Why do you look so sad?"

Exclamation point!

At the end of a word, phrase, or sentence filled with emotion.

Hurry up! We are late for class!

Inside a quotation mark when the quote is an exlamation.

"Hurry up! We are late for class!"

'Quotation marks'

When directly quoting diologue.

Hamlet says, "To be, or not to be. That is the question."

For titles of chapters, articles, stories, etc.

My favourite book is 'Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief'.

Semicolons.

Between two independent clauses. (A clause is an independant thought. Edward joined the basketball team; remarkably, the young man excelled at the sport.

Between elements that use commas.

The possible dates are Thursday, June 5; Saturday, June 7; or Monday, June 9.

Colons

Between two ideas when the second explains the first.

Kerry didn't eat: she was already full.

Before a list. Grandma brought Chloe's favourite three sweets: Chocolate kisses, Tootsie Rolls, and a snickers bar.

Between titles and subtitles.

Studying for tests: a guide.

Between hours and minutes.

It's 2:00 a.am. 

Apostrophes

Contractions

It's (It is) okay to cry sometimes.

You all would have. Y'all'd've.

At the end of a name to indicate ownership. That is James' book.

That is Mark's book.

Commas

Between items in dates and addreses. Michael arrived at Ellis Island, New York, On February 14, 1924.

Between words in a list. I bought apples, bread, candy, meat, and vegetables.

Between adjectives. He bought a very beautiful, big, red car.

Before and after quotes with tags. She said, 'I am hungry.'  'I am hungry,' she said.

Around nonessential clauses and appositives. Matt's mother, Jane (appositive), who has trouble with directions (nonessential clause), had to ask for help.

After introductory words. Hoping for the best, we checked our luggage.

Before conjuntions. I went grocery shopping, while my mother did the laundry.

Section 2: Sentence structure

Today: the following terms:

• Complete thought.
• Phrase.
• Independent clause.
• Dependent clause.
• Essential clause.
• Nonessental clause.
• Appositive.

A complete thought.

A complete thought is a sentence with the following components:

• Subject
• verb
• object

This morning, Monica walked on the grass.

Complete thought or phrase?

Yesterday, I walked to school.

1. Complete thought
2. Phrase

Complete thought or phrase?

This afternoon.

1. Phrase
2. Complete thought

Independent clause.

A clause that expresses a complete thought.

Monica walked on the grass.

This morning, Monica went outside.

Phrase.

A sentence that misses either the subject or predicate.

The dog on the other side of the fence.

Throughout the afternoon.

Waiting for the rain to stop.

Predicate:

The part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject (e.g. went home in John went home).

Dependent clause.

(subordinate clause)

A clause that DOES NOT express a complete thought. It also has both a subject and a verb. Cannot stand on its own.

Whenever we talked.

Though it was wet, ...

Dependent clauses.

• Has both subject and verb.

• cannot stand on its own.

While Sam ran, ...

Phrases.

• misses either subject or verb.
• can stand on its own.

This wet morning.

Essential clause.

Dependent clause needed to understand the message.

Women who are pregnant can crave salty or sweet foods.

Nonessential clauses.

A dependent clause that is not needed to understand the message.

My mom, who is 48 years old, is coming over for dinner tonight.

Dependent or independent clause?

James went to school.

1. Dependent clause
2. Independent clause

Dependent clause or phrase?

This morning.

1. Phrase
2. Dependent clause

Between the commas: Essential or nonessential?

The teacher, who is bald, has arrived.

1. Essential clause.
2. nonessential clause.

Homework :)

For tomorrow (Friday):

Write down two (2) questions about the material we discussed today.

For Tuesday:

For yourself: make an overview of the rules for capitalization and puntucation.