Complex grammatical Structures & Linking words

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 5

Complex grammatical structurs

Use a varied range of complex grammatical structures

• Conditionals
• The passive
• Inversion
• Verb patterns
• Relative clauses
• Modal verbs

The Passive

The Passive

The Passive

Relative clauses

which, that, where, who, whose

Examples

Passive

• If this habit is taught at a young age, a fit and healthy generation will rise into this world.
• This condition is mostly caused by obesity, bad eating habits and sedentary lifestyle.

Relative clauses

• Students who do not have time to do after school physical activities will be able to enjoy...
• It is the teacher who has the responsibility to... / It is student who has the opportunity to...
• A physically active person is more likely to be happy and healthy, which makes him a better student in the classroom.
• Young people spend on average 8 hours a day at school, which is ⅓ of the day.  
• Nowadays most students/teenagers have a smartphone, which gives them access to a variety of online resources

First conditional

To express something that is likely to happen in the future (the result) if the condition happens or is true.

A possible future situation and its probable result.

If + present simple,     will + verb

If you are late, you’ll miss the bus.

Second conditional

To express something that is unlikely to happen in the future, or hypothetical (the result) if another unlikely or hypothetical thing (condition) happens.

Wish / imaginary situation in the present or future

If + past simple, would + verb

If I had a car, I would drive to London.

If I e

Third conditional

To express something that didn’t happen in the past (the result) because another thing (the condition) happened or didn’t happen.

Imaginary situations in the past

Can be used to speculate about how things might have been different in the past.

If + past perfect, would  have + past participle

If I had passed my exams, I would have gone to university.

Examples

Conditionals

1st conditional (= a possible future situation and its probable result)

• According to a recent study, if you surround yourself with positive people then you will probably become more positive. 
• If adolescents exercise on a regular basis, they will become healthier and more fit.

2nd conditional (= wish / imaginary situation in the present or future)

• If adolescents exercised more, they would reduce the risk of getting these diseases.

Verb patterns 

Verb patterns (-ing form, infinitive with 'to, infinitive without 'to'

Having computers involved with activity is an excellent way of encouraging children to exercise, but it also acts as a double edged sword.

Having PE one a week will not compensate for all the hours we spend sitting.

Doing certain easy sports or simply exercising after school at the school gym would be very convenient because you are already there.

With the guidance of the adults and all the sources the school can offer their students, it would be the solution to encourage us to keep fit 

Modal verbs

Modals (can, could, should, would, may, might)

• An alternative approach would be to obligate students to apply for a membership of a sports club.
• In conclusion, to be able to encourage our youth to do more physical activities, we should target schools as they take a considerable role in young people’s lives
• For example, fitness apps can be easily downloaded, so students can follow an online workout at home

Inversion

Examples

Inversion

• It does not only enhance your physical health, it also helps you to be happier and to live longer.
• Not only does it enhance... , it also...
• Not only did he leave dirty footprints all over our carpet, but he also sat on my glasses.

• Seldom have people ...
• Never have I/people seen ...
• Little did they realise that ....

Range of tenses

Try to use a range of different tenses (depending on the text type): past, present and future

Vocabulary

Use a varied range of vocabulary 

• use synonyms (less repetitive)
• use of nouns =more formal. Compare: became more -> increased -> An increase in ..... 
• use collocations / expressions
• Use a range of linking words

Synonyms

YOUTH AND SPORTS 

   

It is a well-known fact that most people, especially teenagers, do not like exercising. It is already a very hard habit to pick up and unless the kids are encouraged, most won’t be able to pick up a sport on their own. 

So how can we motivate them to keep fit?

Quiz: Linking words

Contrast 

1) The team haven't been playing too well. ......, they are expected to win this afternoon.

1. Nevertheless,
2. In contrast
3. On the contrary
4. Whereas

2) ........ in nearly every country in the world they drive on the right, in England they insist on driving on the left.

1. One the one hand
2. While
3. Nevertheless
4. In contrast

3) ........ to the north, which will remain warm and sunny, the south will become cloudy during the early morning.

1. On the contrary
2. In contrast
3. Although
4. While

4) He couldn't get the machine to work ........ following the instructions carefully.

1. despite
2. however
3. while
4. yet

5) I'm not tired at all. ........, I'm feeling full of energy.

1. However
2. In contrast
3. On the contrary
4. Despite

6) ........ the computer had recently been repaired, it still kept crashing.

1. Although
2. Whereas
3. In spite of
4. Nevertheless

7) I know we agreed to raise the issue at the next meeting ........ we simply won't have the time to discuss it.

1. although
2. whereas
3. but
4. still

8) The man was arrested ........ claiming to have been nowhere near the scene of the crime.

1. whereas
2. in spite of
3. yet
4. in contrast