Review lesson

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 2

Chapter 5 (kerboodle) 

Breathing and respiration

Review lesson

Respiration

Getting energy from food 

• Our fuel is glucose
  
• Oxygen is needed to break down glucose (breathing)
  

Because oxygen is needed we call it:

Aerobic respiration 

Testing for carbon dioxide

• Lime water goes cloudy when CO2 is added
  

Respirometer

• Soda lime takes up CO2
  
• Removal of oxygen reduces the volume and pressure
• Coloured water moves towards the organisms 

*The distance moved by the fluid is therefore affected only by the oxygen taken up and not by the carbon dioxide given out.

Types of respiration

-Areobic respiration (with oxygen)
-Anaerobic respiration (without oxygen)

Types of Anaerobic respiration

Fermentation by yeast (Anaerobic)

Glucose -> alcohol + carbon dioxide + energy

Anaerobic respiration by muscles

Glucose -> Lactic acid + energy

Extra oxygen breaks down lactic acid

This extra oxygen that is needed is called: Oxygen debt

Energy produced 

Treathing the air

-Moist

-Warmed

-Filtered and cleaned

Epiglottis

Mucus

Dust and germs get trapped

Cilia (little hairs) move it up your nose an throat

Lung structure

-Trachea 

-Bronchus

-Bronchioles

-Alveoli

-Cartilage

Gas exchange

-Oxygen diffuses into the water lining

  It diffuses through to the blood

-Carbon doixide diffuses into the lungs

-Blood transports oxygen and 

  carbon dioxide

Pleural membrane/cavity

2 pleural membranes (around the lungs and muscles)

Inbetween -> pleural cavity with liquid 

-Prevents seperation of the 2 layers

-Allow volume of lungs to change

-Lubricates the sruface -

  lungs can move easily

Thoracic breathing in

1. Intercostal muscles contract
   
2. Ribs move up and pull pleural membrane open
   
3. Pleural membrane pulls the lungs open
4. Air is pulled into the lungs

Abdominal breathing in

1. Abdominal muscles contract
   
2. Diaphragm moves down
3. Diaphragm pulls pleural membrane open
   
4. Pleural membrane pulls the lungs open
   
5. Air is pulled into the lungs
   

Thoracic breathing out

1. Intercostal muscles relax
   
2. Ribs move down and push pleural membrane closed
   
3. Pleural membrane pushes the lungs closed
   
4. Air is pushed out of the lungs
   

Abdominal breathing out

1. Abdominal muscles relax
   
2. Diaphragm moves up
3. Diaphragm pulls pleural membrane closed
   
4. Pleural membrane pulls the lungs closed
   
5. Air is pushed out of the lungs
   

Lung volume

Tidal volume = volume you breath out while you are resting

Vital capacity = the most air you can breath out

Effects of Smoking

• Tar -> damages teeth and gums -> Causing decay teeth
  
• Loss of smell due to damage nerve endings nose
  
• Damaging cilia, which clean the air
  
• Less oxygen uptake in the alveoli due to toxic carbon monoxide gass exchange instead of oxygen uptake
  
• Restriction of the blood vessels and harm of the blood vesssel cells 
• Mutations in the DNA --> Cancer 

The good news --> Recovery possible! 

Asthma

• Inflammation of the airways
  
• airways narrow and swell and produce extra mucus
  
  

• Exact cause is unkown
  
• Allergies
• premature birth
• smoking during pregnancy

inhalators

-Relax the muscles -> widen up the airways

-Anti inflammatory substances stop the inflamation

During respiration glucose is broken down to release

1. Water
2. CO2
3. Energy
4. Oxygen

Energy is released in our cells inside these cell structures

1. Nucleus
2. Mitochondria
3. Ribosomes
4. Chloroplasts

The gas produced during respiration

1. CO2
2. O2
3. H2O
4. N

A sheet of muscle that separates the thorax from the rest of the body

1. Intercostal muscles
2. Diaphragm
3. Heart muscles
4. skeletal muscle

-->

<--

<--

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Alveoli

Trachea

Bronchiole

Bronchus

Small air sacs that make up our lungs and make gas exchange possible

1. Bronchi
2. Trachea
3. Alveoli
4. Cartilage

when you breath in the intercostal muscles and diaphragm

1. relax
2. contract

What result would you expect after 12 hours?

1. Lime water in tube A is cloudy
2. Lime water in tube B is cloudy
3. Lime water in both tubes are cloudy
4. nothing will happen in this set-up

What is the purpose of tube b?

1. To test if the lime water is working
2. It is just there for the questions
3. This acts as a control experiment to correct for unexpected effects
4. It has no purpose

Breathed in air will turn lime water cloudy quicker than breathed out air

1. True
2. False

Muscles between the ribs

1. Diaphragm
2. Intercostal muscles
3. Skeletal muscle
4. Striped muscle

Extra oxygen that is needed to break down lactic acid:

1. Oxygen debt
2. Oxygen credit
3. Break down debt
4. Lactic acid debt

A type of anaerobic respiration in yeast that makes alcohol

1. Aerobic respiration
2. Fermentation
3. Neutrilization
4. Alcoholization