DNA Les 4: Mutaties

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 5

Program

Explanation 5.4 mutations 

Review open questions major test

Recap DNA

- DNA consists of nucleotides desoxyribose,
phosphate and a nitrogen base

- DNA consists of genes and non-coding DNA= junk DNA

- around 1-2% of our DNA consists of genes

- genes code for proteins that determine our
hereditary characteristics

- DNA is copied before each cell division

- Mutations ar typos in the copies of DNA

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In what type of cells do mutations have the greatest effect on our body?

1. blood cell
2. egg cell
3. brain cell
4. somatic cell

Most mutations are bad

1. true
2. false

Mutations

Mutations: changes in the base sequence of DNA

Mutations can take place spontaneously or because of influences from outside 

What influences from outside can cause mutations in your DNA?

Mutations

Point mutations

Frameshift mutations  -->

Chromosome mutations

Consequences of mutations

Consequences of mutations can be vary:

> No consequence (neutral mutation)

> positive mutations( new characteristic)

> negative consequence (you loose a characteristic )

Note: albinism is caused by a single point mutation

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Consequences mutations

Effect is mostly negative

- protein isn't functioning anymore (albinism)

- disorders (Down syndrome, ALS, Huntington, Cystic Fibrosis, etc)

- not longer viable (abortion)

Read page 23 about cancer

Explain how a mutation can cause cancer? Use the words: mutation, tumour, lymph nodes, metastasis

Test questions

Fabian and Jill write in their report that the heart beats faster after exercising. This makes the blood flow faster than when at rest.

Because the red blood cells carry oxygen so when you excercise you need oxygen

to increase your athletic capabilities, because when excerscising you use more energy so the heart pumps faster

blood carries oxygen and in order for your organs to work, they need oxygen. you move your muscles a lot which causes the blood to flow faster in order to get more oxygen

Because during exercise organs need to work harder, so they need more respiration than usual, respiration requires oxygen which is transported by the blood, thus the heart has to pump more blood

What is the best answer you think?

1. blue
2. green
3. orange
4. red

Question

Give an explanation for the difference between pupils who do and do not play sports in the average heart rate immediately after exercising.

People who sport will have a slower heartbeat went exercising, because rheir heart is more trained to transport more oxygen per heartbeat.

Pupils who do not play sports are les fit than those who do, so during exercises pupils who don't sport, their hart rate increases faster and gows down slower after exercising than pupils who do play sports. this is because they do it often and the exercise strenghtens their heart muscles so more oxygen is going to the muscles.

Because the people who do not play sports, they're hearts are not used to such immidiate increase in blood flow.