Week 25: Final test practice!

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 4

This week

• Tuesday: 

        -  Reported speech

• Wednesday   
     - Reason, Result, Purpose
• Thursday
     - Final questions and practice 

 Today

• Reported speech instruction
     - backwashing
     - point of view-words 

        

Already comfortable with Reported 
speech? Practice other elements on
Magister or practice vocabulary  / collocations.  

Direct -> indirect

Synthia asks: 'Have you seen the new Batman last night?'

Step 1

Synthia asks: 'Have you seen the new Batman last night?'

Step 1: ??

Step 1

Synthia asks: 'Have you seen the new Batman last night?'

Step 1: Remove the comma, remove the quotations marks. Turn 'asks ' into a reporting verb (past simple) and add correct 'structure' (that, if, to, on). 

Step 1

Synthia asks: 'Have you seen the new Batman last night?'

Step 1: Remove the comma, remove the quotations marks. Turn 'asks ' into a reporting verb (past simple) and add correct 'structure' (that, if, to, on). 

Synthia asked if Have you seen the new Batman last night?

Step 2: ??

Step 2

Synthia asks: 'Have you seen the new Batman last night?'

Step 1: Remove the comma, remove the quotations marks, add reported verb + structure

Synthia asked if have you seen the new Batman last night

Step 2: Backshift the verb 

Backshifting

Step 2

Synthia asks: 'Have you seen the new Batman last night?'

Step 1: Remove the comma, remove the quotations marks, add reported verb + structure

Step 2: Backshift the verb (have seen -> had seen)

Synthia asked if had you seen the new Batman last night 

Step 2

Synthia asks: 'Have you seen the new Batman last night?'

Step 1: Remove the comma, remove the quotations marks, add reported verb + structure

Step 2: Backshift the verb

Synthia asked if had you seen the new Batman last night 

Step 3:??

Step 3

Synthia asks: 'Have you seen the new Batman last night?'

Step 1: Remove the comma, remove the quotations marks, add reported verb + structure

Step 2: Backshift the verb

Synthia asked if had you seen the new Batman last night 

Step 3: Change the point-of-view words

Modals

Step 3

Synthia asks: 'Have you seen the new Batman last night?'

Step 1: Remove the comma, remove the quotations marks, add reported verb + structure

Step 2: Backshift the verb

Step 3: Change the point-of-view words

Synthia asked if had I seen the new Batman the night before

FINAL STEP! : CHECK THE WORD ORDER WITH Qstn & Negations 

Step 4

Synthia asks: 'Have you seen the new Batman last night?'

Synthia asked if had I seen the new Batman the night before 

Synthia asked if I had seen the new Batman the night before

Step 4

Synthia asks: 'Have you seen the new Batman last night?'

Synthia asked if I had seen the new Batman the night before

ATTENTION:

Sometimes someone says something that is 'always' true. 

She states: "I want to be a designer when I grow up" ->

She stated that she wants to be a designer when she grows up. 

The band promises:
'The concert will be broadcast simultaneously on television and YouTube’.

Tarík said: ‘I am testing my waterproof mobile phone in this bucket of water’.

Reason, Result, Purpose

1. Conjunctions and adverbs

conjunction = voegwoord, verbindingswoord

adverb = bijwoord

These conjunctions & adverbs show a connection between cause & effect when used in a sentence: because, so, so as to

She got to the top in her career because she spoke to all the right people.

2. Prepositions

Preposition = voorzetzel

These prepositions/prepositional phrase can be used to introduce cause:

because of, owing to, for

Rosie got the job because of her pleasant manner

Owing to the storms, all trains have been cancelled

I couldn't sleep for worrying

3. Verbs & verb phrases

These verbs introduce effect which lead to consequences or results:

- have led to        Keeping 1,5 meters distance has led to a drop in covid cases.

- will result in      Vaccinating everyone will result in a return to normal life.

These verbs introduce cause:

- to stem from        Ignorance stems from not having access to information.

- to be based on    My opinions tend to be based on scientific fact.

These participle clauses can also express cause & effect:

- having done         Having done all her homework, Abigail got a bonus on her final grade.

- having studied    Having studied English for 6 years, Thomas felt confident to travel the UK by himself. 

4. Nouns & noun phrases

Noun = zelfstandig naamwoord

These nouns can refer to cause and effect in a sentence. Study them and try to apply them properly:

• aim (doel)                                          The aim of the programme was to give students work experience.
• basis (basis, uitgangspunt)      Good technique is always at the basis of learning to skate fast.
• consequence (gevolg)                As a consequence of being late, Tammy had less time to take her exam. 
• explanation (uitleg)                      There was little explanation as to why he lost control of the vehicle before he crashed.
• motive (aanleiding, reden)        It was hard to discern a motive for why he committed the crime.
• outcome (resultaat)                     The outcome of their discussion is still unknown.
• purpose                                              What's the purpose of your visit? 
• reason                                                 His laziness is the reason why he is not as successful as he could be.
• result                                                   The success of her novel was the result of years of rewriting the plot to perfection.

My love for cookies stems of my childhood.

Mutual respect is the base of a good marriage.

The aim for the festival was to raise money.

I woke up early today with the result of going to bed on time last night.