3.5 the immune system 3eh

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 2

Welcome- 3EH

• Enter the room quietly
• Take your seat
• Get you book, notebook, and a pen
• Wait quietly for the instructions in the next dia.

To do - 7 min (ZS)

Complete ex. 10 - HOW IT FITS TOGETHER — The living world

serpmedia.org

The assignment - in pairs

• During the next assignment you will be working in pairs.
• You may discuss the text and the questions with each other (While whispering). 
• To complete the assignment you have 15 min. 
• Read the comics  “On Guard—Germs vs. the Immune System” 
• Answer the questions in your notebook

Answer the questions in your notebook

Answers 

1. Examples of specialization by human cells in the comic could include: nerve cells, macrophage, neutrophils, dendritic cells, skin cells, red blood cells, fibroblast, and lymphocytes

2. Macrophages identify germs by checking cell membranes for molecules that germs would have.

 

Answers 

3. The macroscopic signs of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. White blood cells like macrophages help trigger inflammation with chemical signals. When epithelial cells that make up blood vessels get those signals, they change their shape, widening the vessels to allow more

Answers 

4. Pus is made mostly of dead neutrophils.

5. Cells communicate using chemical signals. (Nerve cells also pass electrical signals along their membrane, so that would be an acceptable student answer; but although this comic doesn’t go into detail, even a nerve cell uses a chemical signal to tell the next nerve cell to initial its electrical signal.)

Answers 

7. Antibody molecules attach to germ surfaces. Antibodies can then interfere with germs’ functioning, make germs stick together, and encourage white blood cells to eat the germs faster.

8. The immune system takes molecules from the germs themselves (antigen), and chooses a lymphocyte that makes exactly the right antibody to attack that antigen. (An antigen-presenting white blood cell like a dendritic cell helps show antigen to lymphocytes.)

Answers 

9. It is important for the immune system to keep a lookout in all those places because the areas where macrophages are concentrated are exactly the places where stuff from outside the body (including stuff passing through the digestive system) is most likely to get into the body. These surfaces are where germs are most likely to attack

Today Goals 

• Can describe how antibodies protect against infection.
  
• Can describe how immunity is created.
  
• Can describe what happens in the event of an allergic reaction.

Foreign bodies

Substances that do not belong in our body : exogenous/foreign bodies

• Poisons
• Pathogens: bacteria, viruses, parasites
• Blood/organs from a donor

Immune reaction

Pathogens entering your body = Infection

White blood cells will fight the pathogens:

• Encapsulating (= eating) them 
• Making antibodies

Lines of defence

Line 1: Barriers

Keeping pathogens out

Mechanical: Physical blockages preventing pathogens from entering the body

Chemical: Attacking pathogens by means of antimicrobial molecules

• skin
• mucosal membranes
• stomach acid
• antibacterial proteins

Line 2: Phagocytes

Phagocytes are able to perform phagocytosis and to present parts of the pathogen to the adaptive immune system

Antigens

• Small parts coming from a pathogen
• Presented by phagocytes (dendritic cells) to lymphocytes
• Foreign vs self
• Dendritic cells present them on their surface after disassembly

From 'naive' to 'active'

A non-active / sleeping lymphocyte is called naive. 

Antigen presentation and antigen recognition makes a lymphocyte active

antigen recognition

naive T-lymphocyte

active T-lymphocyte

This lesson

1. Repetition Basics 5 part one

2. Information about vaccination

3. Exercise

4. Homework

Learning objectives

3.5.8 You can describe how antibodies protect against infection.

3.5.9 You can describe how immunity is created.

3.5.10 You can describe what happens in the event of an allergic reaction.

Immunity

What do you call the micro-organism causing the disease?

1. Antibody
2. Antigen
3. Infection
4. Pathogen

An antibody is used to fight antigens and thus kill the pathogen

1. Correct
2. Incorrect

What is phagocytosis?

Immunity

Learning objectives

3.5.8 You can describe how antibodies protect against infection.

3.5.9 You can describe how immunity is created.

3.5.10 You can describe what happens in the event of an allergic reaction.

Think - Share - Compare

1. what is vaccination?

2. Did you get all your vaccinations as a child?

3. What is your opinion about vaccinating?

Immunity I

A pathogen is a micro-organism causing a disease.

The foreign body (protein on the outside of a micro-organism) is called an antigen.

In order to kill a pathogen, antibodies are produced by white blood cells (memory cells). 

Every antigen is unique and only one antibody will match.

immunity II

immune is not getting sick because white blood cells can make antibodies almost immediately for a pathogen you have previously been infected with.

Immunity can be obtained naturally (after contracting the disease) or artificially  (via vaccination.

Immunity can be obtained actively  (via giving someone antibodies) or passively (the body producing the antibodies).

Natural, active immunity

Artificial, active immunity

Natural, passive immunity

artificial, passive immunity

Antibodies made after exposure to an infection

Antibodies transmitted from mother to baby

Antibodies made after getting a vaccination

Antibodies acquired from an immune serum medicine

Note!

Immunity III

Immunity coverage is the percentage of people who have to be vaccinated if the population as a whole is to be protected against a disease.

Portfolio

1. Create a summary (you may use the summary exercise from the book)
2. Write down 2 questions to test your knowledge about vaccination
3. Put the note about the types of immunity in your portfolio including examples
4. send your portfolio to me (Marjolein Coppens) via teams

If you are done, start questioining each other with the exam questions from your portfolio.

Vaccination