Utopian fiction (16th century): human being is good and can be perfected (become social/ less selfish) by society and politics
Dystopian fiction: human nature means utopia ( a perfect world) is impossible; if society doesn't resist power and greed, it will become worse
An example of dystopian fiction is "1984" (G. Orwell, 1949)
-> utopian social programming forbids human instincts (enjoyment of food, sex, beautiful things etc.)
-> the government controls people, manipulates people's weakness and brings out the worst through fear and deprivation