3H - Relative Clauses (en)

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Relative clauses

what is a relative clause?

I bought a new car. It is very fast.

→ I bought a new car that is very fast.

She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.

→ She lives in New York, which she likes.

The thief who robbed an old lady was sent to jail.

It provides additional information on something or someone.

Relative pronouns

• Link to a word previously mentioned
  
• Links up two parts of the sentence

Martin played Tennis with Sophie, who was slightly injured.

relative pronoun

Noa sold her phone, which was old and damaged.

relative pronoun

Relative pronouns

There are two types of relative pronouns:

- Defining clauses gives us information essential to the sentence to understand what or who is reffered to.

- Non-defining clauses do not change  the meaning of the sentence when they are left out.

Defining relative clauses

Defining relative clauses:  essential information

• In the middle or end of sentence
• No commas!

He is the doctor who helped my grandmother.

This is the airport where I lost my bag.

Non-defining relative clauses

Non-defining relative clauses:  additional information

• In the middle or end of sentence
• Starts and ends with comma
• No use of that
  

The Times, which is published in London, is a daily newspaper.

The Times is a daily newspaper.

Relative pronouns

You can leave out relative pronouns if:

• it is a 'defining relative clause'
• the pronoun does NOT relate to the subject
  
• there is a pronoun behind it

The flowers which he gave me were beautiful.

Persoonlijk: ik, jij, hij, etc.

Bezittelijk: mijn, zijn, onze, etc.

Wederkerend: me, je, zich, etc.

The flowers he gave me were beautiful.

Relative pronouns

• Who / which together with preposition
  
• preposition mostly in the end.

• preposition can also be in the beginning of sentence: formal
• 'Who' changes to 'whom'

The officer, who Lee told his story to, was shocked.

The officer, to whom Leed told his story, was shocked.

Relative clauses

Which RELATIVE pronoun fits in this sentence?
I want to read the book........you gave me.

1. which, that , who
2. which, that, X
3. who, whose, whom
4. which, that

Which RELATIVE pronoun fits in this sentence:
The officer, ....... John told his story to, was nice

1. who, that
2. who, that, X
3. who,
4. which, that

We had spaghetti .... is my favourite meal, for dinner last night.

1. whom
2. whose
3. which
4. who

which two relative pronouns belong to people?

1. who and that
2. who and which
3. which and whom
4. whose and who

He is a famous architect ...
designs won an international award last year.

1. who
2. which
3. that
4. whose

This is Mary, ...
is taking over my job when I leave.

1. who
2. which
3. that
4. whose

The photocopier, ...
has a two-year guarantee, costs $2000.

1. who
2. which
3. that
4. whose

He is the consultant ...
advice I rely on.

1. whose
2. who
3. that
4. whom

The people ...
were stopped at the border were all from Eastern Europe.

1. whose
2. which
3. that
4. who

Defining relative clauses give us...

1. Extra information
2. Essential information

Non-defining relative clauses give us...

1. Extra information
2. Essential information

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www.ego4u.com

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