Revision

• Gechiedenis
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 3

Today

Revision

At the end of the lesson you will know/be able to…

Start and end of WWI

Russian Revolution 

MAIN CAUSES OF WORLD WAR ONE

• Militarism
  
• Alliances
  
• Imperialism
  
• Nationalism
  

MAIN

Triple Alliance (Centrals): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (until 1915), Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire

Triple Entente (Allies/Allied forces): France, Russia, Great-Britain

UK also had an standing agreement with Belgium to help if Belgium ever got attacked, because its army would be so small to hold off any other ememy for long. 

Trigger (almost literal)

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sofie in Sarajevo on the 28th of June 1914 by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip

people in this lesson

Nicholas II

tsar (emperor)

Russia

Rasputin

mad wizard

Russia

Lenin

Communist leader

Soviet Union

Karl Marx

"father" of communism

Germany

The Russian Revolution (1917)

Actually 2 revolutions:

I. February Revolution: 

• spontaneous peoples' revolution
  
• started with demonstrations for more bread, to end the war, end the absolute power of the czar.
• soldiers turned against the czar and joined the protesters

     

     effects: 

• the czar abdicated 
  
• a temporary (socialist) government took over
  
• but the war continued
  

The Russian Revolution

II. October Revolution: 

• a planned 'putsch', or 'coup' (= staatsgreep)
• Lenin and his Bolsheviks (= communists) seized power.

effects: 

• Lenin made peace with Germany (Treaty of Brest Litovsk)
• Lenin became a dictator and started to turn Russia into a              communist state: the Soviet Union

The Russian Revolution

effects

• He started to turn the country into a communist state by                         taking away land, factories and businesses from their owners 

This led to a CIVIL WAR (1918 - 1922)

The Russian Revolution

CIVIL WAR (1918-1922)

Who fought against who?

     REDS: (communists)

• Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, Trotski, Stalin

     WHITES:(anti- communists)

• wealthy capitalists (business owners), landowners
  
• czarists (people who wanted the tsar back on the throne)
  
• armies from foreign anti-communist countries (France, UK, USA)
  

The outcome: The Whites were defeated. The czarist family was murdered.

0

SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM

Karl Marx, a 19th century German, came with the idea of SOCIALISM:

WHAT?

• Socialists want a better life for the poor working class people in society.
• These people do all the hard work, but the capitalists (business owners) get the profit. That is not fair.
• The government must take more control of the economy and limit the economic freedom of the capitalists.

 

SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM

HOW?

Try to get more SOCIAL LAWS (= laws that benefit the workers):

• Minimum wages
• 8 hour working day
• Better working conditions
• Sick pay, unemployment benefits, retirement.

Because of the socialists we still have these laws today.....

But what is communism???

SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM

The difference between socialists and communists is not the goal, but the means to reach them.

0

COMMUNISM

• Communism is an ideology.
• An ideology is a system of ideas and ideals, which forms the basis of economic or political or even religious policy.

• Other ideologies we will learn about are fascism and national-socialism.

capitalist economy

communist economy

1 government controls the economy

1. minimal government interfere in economy

2. private ownership of businesses

2. state owned businesses

3. planned economy

3. free market economy

4. production targets set by the state

4. production determined by need or demand

5. you work for profit

5. you work for the good of the nation

6. companies compete with each other

6. no competition between companies

7. prices of products determined by the state

7. prices determined by supply and demand

8. commercials and adverts

8. no commercials and adverts needed

Word Duty

Fourteen Points: US president Wilson’s principles for peace to be used for the peace negotiations in order to end World War I

Treaty of Versailles: peace treaty that brought World War I to an end and in which the Allies

defined the future of Germany

war reparations: compensation paid by a defeated nation for the damage it inflicted during a war

League of Nations: international organisation founded in 1920 to maintain world peace and to prevent future wars; in 1946 replaced by the United Nations

national self-determination: the right of nations to form their own nation state

secular: not related to religion; in a secular state there is a separation between Church and State

Key things to understand for paragraph 1.4

Fourteen Points

- Free Trade

- National self-determination

- Freedom of the seas

- Disarmament

- Democracy

This should combat nationalism (by giving in more or less)

= attitude towards Germany

= reasons for this attitude

= main aim

Make a schematic overview in your notebook of the information in this task

Treat Germany harshly. Make the bastards pay for what they did. No mercy.

Treat Germany harshly, but don’t cripple it

Don't treat Germany too harshly. 

we suffered the least. A crippled Germany might be vengeful and start another war in the future. A crippled Germany is less likely to become democratic.

we want to trade again with Germany, so Germany’s economy must be rebuilt quickly.  

We suffered the most . We are closest to Germany, so we fear the most of a possible future aggressive Germany.

keep our colonies safe by taking away Germany’s fleet and colonies.

Turn Germany into a peaceful, democratic country. That’s the best way to preserve peace in the future.

Cripple Germany, make Germany pay reparations, get Alsace Lorraine back

2a. Which Allied country sustained the most damage during the war?

1. France
2. Britain
3. Italy
4. USA

2b. Which country needed to fear a future powerful Germany the most?

1. France
2. Britain
3. Italy
4. USA

2e. What argument did Britain and the USA present for treating Germany not too harshly?

Study the source, a political cartoon about Wilson’s
Fourteen Points.

3a. Who do you think ‘Wilhelm’ is?

 The caption says:

 ‘It’s the only way out, Wilhelm!’.

On the bottom step ‘The Fourteen Principles of Wilson’s peace terms to the Imperial German government’. At the top of the stairs ‘The way to peace’. 

Political cartoon, 1918.

Study the source, a political cartoon about Wilson’s
Fourteen Points.

3b. What does the artist means with this cartoon? Try to discuss this with a
classmate before writing down your answer.

 The caption says:

 ‘It’s the only way out, Wilhelm!’.

On the bottom step ‘The Fourteen Principles of Wilson’s peace terms to the Imperial German government’. At the top of the stairs ‘The way to peace’. 

Political cartoon, 1918.

4. Tom and Maggie are discussing this cartoon.
According to Tom, the artist agrees that Germany
should pay a lot of war reparations.
Maggie disagrees; she says that the artist
shows that Germany should pay an unreasonable
amount of money. Who is right?

 On the bag ‘Reparations $ 55,000,000,000’. Underneath ‘Germany’. American political cartoon about the German war reparations, c. 1921.

1. Tom
2. Maggie

7a. Which of the following countries was a member of the League of Nations when it started in 1920?

1. Great Britain
2. Russia
3. USA
4. Germany

7b. Why were the other three countries not members?

7c. From what year till what year was Germany a member of the League of Nations?

1. Germany never joined
2. 1920 - 1945
3. 1933 - 1945
4. 1926 - 1933