Modal verbs: ought to, should, must, have to

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 2

Hulpwerkwoorden 

I am the kind of student who aims to get good grades so I must do my homework consistently if I want to achieve that. I often study in the library because everyone has to be quiet there so they don't disturb other people. The rules are quite clearly: you mustn't drink or eat there, so if you want to have a snack, you have to go to the canteen to grab a bite. You don't have to buy anything there though, you can bring your own food and consume it there too. 

Read and deduce

So, we use ... 

must	for an obligation the speaker thinks is necessary; internal
have to / has to	for an obligation someone else thinks is necessary; external
mustn't	when something is prohibited, not allowed as a rule
don't have to / doesn't have to	when there is no obligation; you have a choice

So, we use ... 

need to/ don't need to	When something is/ isn't necessary but not an obligation
will have to	Future form of must and have to
had to	Present tense of must and have to

Notice in a picture gallery:

‘Cameras, sticks and umbrellas ...…...... be left at the desk.'

1. must
2. have to

You ............ carry that parcel home yourself; the shop will send it.

1. mustn't
2. must
3. have to
4. don't have to

You .............. talk to the other candidates during the exam.

1. don't have to
2. mustn't
3. must
4. doesn't have to

Employer:
‘You ................ come to work on time’.

1. have to
2. must
3. has to
4. mustn't

I am always tired in the morning. I ................ go to bed earlier in the evenings.

1. don't have to
2. have to
3. must
4. mustn't

Peer review

What is good about the brochure?
What could be improved?
Would you visit the country that is being advertised?

WRITING EXERCISE

How do we write an article?
Brainstorm your idea, do some research, who is your audience?
Outline: Title, introduction (20 words), main body (60 words), conclusion (20 words).

Page 88 exercise 3. Use inspiration from your own travels.