Plurals uitleg + oefening

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 2

PLURALS

Table of Contents:

* Lesson Aims

* Explanation of regular plural nouns

* Explanation of irregular plural nouns

Lesson Aims:

* To check and see if you understood the grammar box about plurals

Explanation of regular plural nouns:

Regular nouns: (-s)

* To make regular nouns plural, add ‑s to the end.

Examples:

cat – cats

dog - dogs

house – houses 

Regular nouns: (-es) "hissing sound"

* If the singular noun ends in ‑s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z, add ‑es to the end to make it plural.

Examples:

bus – buses

marsh – marshes

lunch – lunches

tax – taxes

blitz – blitzes

Letter -y:

* If a singular noun ends in ‑y and the letter before the -y is a consonant, change the ending to ‑ies to make the noun plural.

Examples:

baby babies

city – cities

puppy – puppies

puppy's - Is singular in English! 

Example: A puppy's life (Is ONE puppy!)

Spelling (-y)

If the singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a vowel, simply add an -s to make it plural.

Examples:

ray – rays

play - plays

boy – boys

toy - toys

Letter -o:

If the singular noun ends in ‑o, preceded by a consonant, add ‑es to make it plural.

Examples:

hero - heroes

potato – potatoes

tomato – tomatoes

Exceptions:

photo – photos

piano – pianos

halo – halos

Plural Rules - Irregular Nouns

* Spelling changes

* No specific rules

* Memorize often!

* Use a dictionary if necessary

Spelling change: (-f /-fe)

* If the noun ends with ‑f or ‑fe, the -f is often changed to ‑ve before adding the -s to form the plural version.

Examples:

life - lives 

wife - wives

wolf - wolves

But:

roof – roofs

belief – beliefs

chef – chefs

chief – chiefs

Irregular plurals 

child – children

goose – geese

man – men

woman – women

tooth – teeth

foot – feet

mouse – mice

person – people

ox - oxen

policeman - policemen

fish - fish 

spacecraft - spacecraft

louse – lice

Letter -ex/-ix:

Final -ex/-ix becomes:

Examples: 

Index – indices /indexes

Matrix – matrices

Vertex – vertices

Appendix – appendices

Letter -is:

Final -is becomes:

Examples:

Axis – axes

Genesis – geneses

Nemesis – nemeses

Crisis – crises

Letter -um:

Final um becomes -a, or just adds -s

Examples:

Datum – data

Forum – fora/forums

Medium – media/ mediums

Memorandum – memoranda/memorandums

Millennium – millennia

Ovum – ova

Spectrum – spectra

Letter -us:

Final -us becomes -i or -era or -ora or just adds -es

Examples:

Alumnus – alumni

Corpus – corpora

Census – censuses

Focus – foci

Radius – radii

Campus – campuses

Syllabus – syllabi/syllabuses

Virus – viruses/virii

Viscus – viscera 

Cactus – cactuses/cacti

Fungus – fungi

Terminus – termini/terminuses

Uterus – uteri/uteruses

Unchanging Nouns:

Singular           Plural

aircraft             aircraft

bass                  bass

bison                bison

elk                      elk

moose             moose

shrimp             shrimp

spacecraft     spacecraft

swine               swine

trout                 trout

sheep – sheep

series – series

species – species

deer – deer

cattle - cattle

Noncountable nouns:

Examples: Water, grass, sand, snow, hair, mud, dress (style, not hanging in the closet), wind, rain, sun, moon(light), heat

Example sentences:

There are many different styles of hair.

There are several varieties of grass.

There are three different kinds of mud.

The ancient people had a few types of styles of dress.

Exercises Regular Plural Nouns:

Plural of:

1. shoe
2. shoes
3. schoenen
4. shoos

Plural of: tax

1. taxs
2. taxen
3. tax's
4. taxes

Plural of:

1. puppies
2. puppy's
3. puppys
4. puppen

Plural of:

1. tomatos
2. tomaten
3. tomato's
4. tomatoes

Plural of: hero

1. heroes
2. hero's
3. heros
4. held

Exercises Irregular Plural Nouns:

Plural of:

1. sheeps
2. sheep
3. schapen
4. sheep's

Plural of:

1. ganzen
2. goosen
3. gooses
4. geese

Plural of:

1. cattle
2. cattles
3. cattle's
4. cattlen

Plural of:

1. knife's
2. knifes
3. knives
4. kniven

Plural of:

1. child's
2. childs
3. kinderen
4. children

For extra help:

Work from the book

Make assignment 5

Work from the book

Make assignment 6

Look at ... children over there! They're playing outside.

1. this
2. that
3. these
4. those

.... pens here are mine.

1. this
2. that
3. these
4. those

Look at ... man at the other side of the street! He's crazy!

1. this
2. that
3. these
4. those

... here is my book.

1. this
2. that
3. these
4. those