V5 grammar review Nouns Plural;Articles/Some/any/relative pronouns/the genitive/adv/adj/comparisons

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• Leerjaar 5

NOUNS - PLURAL - S/-ES/-EN/-REN

I: Het meervoud van een zelfstandig naamwoord wordt gevormd door toevoeging van –s.

Uitzonderingen op deze regel zijn:

- -es na woorden die eindigen op een sis-klank, bijvoorbeeld watch, kiss, box, bus

- -es na woorden die eindigen op een –o, bijvoorbeeld tomato, hero, potato 

LET OP!!!!buitenlandse woorden volgen deze uitzondering niet, bijvoorbeeld photo, solo, piano,

kimono, pro, disco)

- -en, -ren in ox-oxen, child-children

PLURAL -Y / -F - changes in spelling

II: Sommige woorden veranderen van spelling:

- -y verandert in –ie na medeklinkers, bijvoorbeeld lady

- -f of –fe verandert in –ves, bijvoorbeeld loaf, thief, knife, calf, scarf, half, life, leaf 

(dit gebeurt niet bij chef, chief, handkerchief)

PLURAL - Vowel change

III: Het meervoud van een aantal woorden wordt gevormd door klinkerverandering:

foot/feet; 

goose/geese; 

louse/lice; 

man/men; 

mouse/mice; 

tooth/teeth; 

woman/women. 

(Let op de verandering van -s in -c bij mouse en louse.)

PLURAL - concord & 

number in adjective (hyphenate/singular form)

V: Wanneer een zelfstandig naamwoord betrekking heeft op elk individu of afzonderlijk ding uit een groep, gebruikt het Engels het meervoud.

Beide mannen staken hun pijp aan. Both men lit their pipes. 

Jongens, denk om je hoofd. Boys, mind your heads.

VI: Zelfstandige naamwoorden in het meervoud worden in het enkelvoud gezet als zij bijvoeglijk worden gebruikt. Let op het verbindingsstreepje ("hyphen"): 

twenty pounds – a twenty-pound note

PLURAL - no change

IV: Bij sommige woorden is de vorm van het enkelvoud gelijk aan die van het meervoud:

aircraft (vliegtuig), 

• deer (hert),
•  fish (vis),
•  means (middel), 
• series (serie), 
• sheep, deer,
• Swiss (Zwitser/Zwitsers),
• works (fabriek). 
• studies (study)
• Alle woorden die eindigen op -ese: Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, etc. = enkv/mv

The Swiss are fond of chocolate.

How

Plural -  concord nouns

1. The man parks his car./The girl reads a newspaper.
   
2. The men park their cars./The girls read newspapers
   
3. The men park their car./The girls read a newspaper.
   

Difference between nos. 2 and 3?

PLURAL - BRITISH PLURAL

VII: Groepswoorden waarbij je denkt aan de leden die van deze groepen deel uitmaken worden als meervoud gezien: bv 

• crew, crews
• family, families
• government (regering), governments
• team, teams
• cattle, cattle !
• people (mensen) , a people (een volk); different peoples (volkeren)!
• police, police !

De bemanning bestaat uit 15 man. -> The crew consist of

Veel mensen woonden de begrafenis bij.

 Er ging weinig vee verloren.

De politie heeft de dief gearresteerd.

.

Nouns - plural forms - part II

• Nouns - only singular form: 
  

advice, coal, information, property, strength, business, progress, furniture

(It was business as usual.  But: these bits of information, two pieces of furniture; advice = adviezen, one piece of advice = advies)

• Nouns - only  plural form:
  

environs, surroundings, oats, riches, stairs, wages, contents, thanks

(These surroundings are beautiful! Many thanks! These stairs are too steep!)

• Nouns of tools and clothing consisting of equal parts

jeans, pants, trousers, scissors, pyjamas, slacks (nice pair of pants for work!), goggles, glasses, scales

(one pair of jeans, one pair or two pairs of scissors, two pairs of swimming trunks)

https:

Group nouns

• army
  
• audience
  
• committee
  
• company
  
• crew
  
• enemy
  
•  family 
  
• flock
  
• gang
  
• government
  
• group
  
• herd
  
• public
  
• regiment
  
• staff
  
• team
  

British English:

Plural ->  when referring to the group as individual members:

The government are always changing their minds.

The crew are arguing about the new lighting plan.

The staff disagree about the new opening times

Nouns - a lot of / lots of / much / many

• A lot of (general use) and lots of (informal)

  ->  affirmative sentences, negative sentences and questions

 ->  countable + uncountable nouns.

• Much vs. Many 

   ->  negative sentences/questions/affirmative sentences: (slightly) more formal language

Many ->countable nouns (many CDs, pieces of information)

Much -> uncountable nouns (much milk, much information).

With the word"times" -> many times (often)

We have stayed at this hotel many times over the years.

affirmative = bevestigende zinnen

negative = ontkenningen (zinnen met "niet")

questions = vragende zinnen

Nouns - (a) little / (a) few

• Little (weinig) -> uncountable nouns (e.g. There's little milk left)
  
• Few (weinig) -> countable nouns (e.g. There are few cows left.)
  

• A little (een beetje) -> uncountable nouns (With a little bit of luck...)
  
• A few (een paar) -> countable nouns (We have a few minutes left.)
  

Indefinite article (a/an)

A -> use for words starting with a consonant sound (B/C/D/G/F/ etc. )

AN -> use for words starting with a vowel sound (A/E/I/O/U)

NOTE:

AN HOUR -> starts with "au" sound = vowel sound

A HORSE/HOUND ->  start with "h" sound (glottal fricative "h" = sound made by air "hissing" through vocal chords) 

AN MP3 player -> starts with "e" sound = vowel sound

A ONE ->  starts with "w" sound 

Indefinite article (a/an)

Use indefinite article:

•  PROFESSION, RANK, RELIGION ETC. (She's a doctor, He's a feminist, She's a Muslim)
  
• After AS, WITH(OUT) (Don't leave without a jacket)
  
• After THE PROFESSION OF, THE CAREER OF, THE TRADE OF (She's looking into a career as a bookkeeper)
  

Exceptions:

• Don't use a/an for plural nouns (Have you been able to find plants yet? Both sisters wanted to become surgeons)
  
• Don't use for job positions that can only be held by ONE person (She wanted to become President. As captain of the team..)
  

Indefinite article (a/an)

Exclamations:

What a(n) + noun (for a singular noun that also has a plural form) 

-> What a lovely day! What a great opportunity! What a great book!

No a/an for these exclamations:

-> What delicious wine! (wine-> no plural form) BUT WHAT A DELICIOUS GLASS OF WINE (GLASS = PLURAL FORM)

-> What great books! Those were amazing opportunities! ( -> plural forms)

But: What a pity! What a shame!

Indefinite article (a/an) before:

•  PROFESSIONS, RELIGIONS  (She's a doctor, He's a feminist, She's a Muslim)
  

       BUT: if the profession is held by only ONE, then no "a" or "an" (He is President of the United States. He was Pope John

       the III. She was chairman of the board.)

• A CERTAIN MR/MRS/MS
• EXPRESSION WITH PRICES/SPEED/DISTANCE/TIME ETC. (30 euros a kilo/7 pounds a piece/twice a year/ 100 km an hour -> "per")
• A HUNDRED, A THOUSAND (This cost her a hundred euros.)
• "WAT EEN .....!" -> onderscheid telbaar (countable = girls/trees/dogs etc.) en niet-telbaar (non-countable = love, hate, milk etc.)

      COUNTABLE NOUNS SINGULAR = A (What a beautiful girl!) 

      COUNTABLE NOUNS PLURAL = NO "A" (What beautiful girls!)

      NON-COUNTABLE = NO "A"  (What nonsense! What beautiful flowers! What delicious wine!)      

      But: What a pity! What a shame! -> these are simply fixed expressions

• After AS, WITH(OUT) (Don't leave without a jacket)
  
• Een (not "one") (This is the work of a child. This is the work of a genius.)   BUT: She doesn't have one, but two children.
• IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS ALQUIN GRAMMAR TB P. 143 (F)

NO "the" (definite article) before...

• abstract nouns (love, life)
  

• plural nouns GENERAL USE (bananas are expensive) N.B.: when referring to SPECIFIC bananas: use "the"
  

• buildings referring to use (I go to school every day. He goes to church on Sunday)
  

• names of meals when referring to time (after breakfast, before lunch, during supper)
  

• names of seasons used in a general sense (Summer is the time for swimming, fun and laughter. But: The summer I remember best is ....
  

• proper names + the name of a building/street/park etc. (Buckingham Palace, Central Park, 10 Downing Street)

• Most / next / last (most people, next Friday, last week)
  

NO Definite article (the) & exceptions                      2/2

• adjective (bijvoegelijk nmw.)  + proper name (eigen naam) (Victorian England, old Angus, medieval France)

• Most / next / last (most people, next Friday, last week)
  
• Man/woman/mankind/society when used in a general sense
• superlative -> when it CANNOT be followed by a noun (She came in last. What I like best is spending my weekends with my family).

     BUT: 

    when the superlative can be followed by a noun, use "the" (the latest news is .../the best soccer player of all times is/

     the greatest regret is ...)

• IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS ALQUIN GRAMMAR TB p. 140 (J)

https:

Some/any/compounds

Some:

GEBRUIK: 

• BEVESTIGENDE ZIN
• IN VRAGEN WAARBIJ JE "JA" VERWACHT
• IN BELEEFDE VRAGEN
• IN RHETORISCHE VRAGEN (VRAGEN WAARVAN JE HET ANTWOORD WEET)
• een paar/wat (aantal) (Have some cookies!)
• een zekere/een of andere (Some idiot came up to me and insulted me.)
• ongeveer (I have some 100 CD's still).

Any:

GEBRUIK:

• VRAGEN
• COMBINATIES MET ONTKENNENDE WOORDEN
• VRAGEN WAARVAN JE HET ANTWOORD NIET WEET

I.P.V. "NOT ANY" in een negatieve zin, OOK "NO" in positieve zien (OOK IN COMPOUNDS)-> 

• He didn't have any money left -> he had no money left.
• I didn't see him anywhere. -> I saw him nowhere

Relative pronouns - betrekkelijk voornaamwoord

Verwijzen naar personen/dingen

• Who (wie) - personen/huisdieren met naam
• Whose (wiens/van wie) - personen
• Whom (lijdend voorwerp/met voorzetsels)
• That - personen (voorkeur = who); dingen -> NOOIT "That" tussen komma's gebruiken/ That = 
• Which - dingen; verwijzing naar hele hoofdzin
• Where - plaats
• Why - reden (the reason why ...)
• When - tijd (the moment when I saw him ...)
• What - dingen (Could you tell me what you'd like .... = what = the things that...)

Relative pronouns - betrekkelijk voornaamwoord

That = restrictive (beperkend) -> The man that is walking over there is my uncle

mensen/dingen

Which = non-restrictive (uitbreidend) -> Coffee, which is drunk by millions of people, can be addictive

dingen/zinsdeel

Nooit "that" tussen komma's zetten!

Relative pronouns - betrekkelijk voornaamwoord

1. She is the girl who(m)/that I want to marry.

2. The man whom/that I lent my money to has disappeared.

In zinnen 1 en 2 kan je het betrekkelijk vnw. weglaten omdat dit niet het onderwerp is van de de zin/het zinsdeel (het betrekkelijk vnw. wordt gevolgd door een onderwerp + ww.). Het weglaten van het betrekkelijk vnw. heeft de voorkeur hier.

3. The man to whom I lent my money has disappeared.

Kan je "whom" hier weglaten? Waarom wel/niet?

Personal pronouns - persoonlijk voornaamwoord

Onderwerp

• I 
• you
• he/she/it 
• we
• you
• they

It -> dingen en dieren/baby's en kleine kinderen die geen deel zijn van je familie en waarvan je het geslacht niet weet

He/she -> mensen EN dieren die onderdeel van je gezin zijn en waarvan je het geslacht weet

Meewerkend voorwerp (aan/to) en Lijdend voorwerp:

• me
• you
• him/her/it
• us
• you
• them

Let op: geen it (maar soms "so"):

• ask
• know
• mind
• remember
• tell
• try
• understand
• think/hope/believe

Interrogative pronouns - vragend voornaamwoord

Interrogative pronouns zijn hetzelfde als de relative pronouns (betrekkelijke voornaamworden) met uitzondering van that

• Where (plaats)
• Who(m) (personen)
• When (tijd)
• How (manier)
• Why (reden)
• What (open keuze)
• Which (beperkte keuze; keuze tussen twee)
• Whose (wiens)

Demonstrative pronouns - aanwijzend voornaamwoord

Enkelvoud (dichtbij):        Meervoud (dichtbij)

This (dit)                                 These (deze)

Enkelvoud (veraf)              Meervoud (veraf)

That (dat)                               Those (die)

Possessive pronouns - bezittelijk voornaamwoord

• My
• Your
• His/Her/Its
• Our
• Your (plural)
• Their

(possessive pronouns staat fout in boekje blz. 40)

My book - It is mine - it is a book of mine

Your book - it is yours - it is a book of yours

Her/his book - it is hers/his - maar: its book (= enige vorm) - it is a book of hers/of his

Our book - it is ours - it is a book of ours

Your books - they are yours (concord plural form) - these are books of yours

Their books - It's  theirs - It's a book of theirs

Reflexive pronouns - wederkerend voornaamwoord

Myself
Yourself
Himself/herself/itself/oneself (= zichzelf)
Ourselves
Yourselves (plural)
Themselves

I wanted to see it for myself = ik wilde het zelf zien = nadruk ; He hurt himself = zichzelf

Leer de werkwoorden in het blauwe boekje die wederkerend zijn in het NL maar niet in het ENG 

Adjectives (bijvoegelijke nmw.)

Modifies a noun -> a GREEN door

Comparative form: -ER /MORE THAN (i.e. larger than)

Superlative form: (THE) -EST/MOST (i.e. the largest)

• One-syllable adjectives -> -er/-est (bigger/biggest, smaller/smallest, darker/darkest etc.)

• Two-syllable adjectives -> 

emphasis on first  syllable -> more/most (more certain/most doubtful etc.)

emphasis on second syllable -> - er/ -est (politer/politest; severer/severest etc.)

adjectives ending in -ow/-le/-er/-some/-y -> -er/-est (narrower/narrowest; handsomer/handsomest etc.)

• Three-syllable adjectives -> more/most

Irregular adjectives

• bad/worse/worst
• good/better/best
• ill/worse/worst (She is still ill now, but yesterday she was even worse)
• little/less/least (She has always had little money, but she has even less now than before.)
• much/many -> more/most
• far/further/furthest (place + time + degree)
• far/farther/farthest (distance)
• old/older/oldest
• old/elder/eldest (comparing ages of relatives) (Her elder brother never comes home anymore.)

Note

Some adjectives follow the noun instead of preceding it:

people/animals (some things) are: 

upset/afraid/asleep/ill/ashamed/alive/poor/late/early/small

Mind the difference:

She is poor/ She is a poor piano player

He is heavy/ He is a heavy drinker

He is small/He is a small farmer

To be early/late VS an early/late train (vroeg/laat vertrekken)

te laat = too late

Comparisons (vergelijkingen)

as ... as (not as tall as)

not so .... as

like/as (Why don't you study like/as I do?)

more and more (steeds)

the ...the (hoe ....hoe) -> the more the merrier; the sooner, the better/ the more I see, the better I understand 

than (A!!) -> comparative (She is smarter than her teacher)

then (E!!) -> adverb of time (I went to the store and then I bought something)

The + adjective

The rich, the poor, the French etc.

-> to indicate a group

The supernatural, the beauty

-> to refer to sth. abstract

Copulas (kww) + adjective

Copulas (lijken/blijken/schijnen/blijven/worden/zijn) take an adjective (no adverbs):

• to appear = lijken, blijken (She appeared to be shy, yet nothing could be further from the truth!)
• to be = zijn (It is beautiful!)
• to become = worden (She became famous.)
• to get = worden (It got better.)
• to grow = worden (He grew bald.)
• to keep = blijven (His face kept frozen.)
• to prove = blijken (It proved to be the best choice.)
• to remain = blijven (She remains calm under all circumstances.)
• to seem = schijnen  (She seems to always be right.)
• to stay = blijven (She has always stayed young in spirit.)
• to turn = worden (Suddenly he turned evil.)

Other verbs + adjective

• To be born (poor)
• To die (rich)
• to return (happy) but "to return quickly"

Note: your TB mentions: to go/to run -> these take an adverb (to run fast/to go immediately etc.)

Five senses:

1. To feel
2. To smell
3. To sound
4. To look 
5. To taste

Adverbs(bijwoorden)

• Adds "how" to a verb -> Please drive safely/Open the box carefully

• Adds "how"/"to what extent" to an adjective -> She is extremely slow / It was really awesome!

• Adds to another adverb -> She knows him really well. / We found the address  fairly easily.

• Says something about an entire sentence/clause -> Apparently, he failed his exam. / Surely, you must be joking!

Functions of adverbs

1. Adverbs of manner (to behave badly, to dance beautifully, to sing beautifully)
2. Adverbs of place (It happened here/there/always/everywhere)
3. Adverbs of time (immediately/eventually/recently)
4. Adverbs of frequency (often/usually/frequently)
5. Adverbs of degree (absolutely/fairly/completely)
6. Sentence adverbs (presumably/obviously/naturally)

Adverbs - comparisons

A) One syllable -> -er/-est (hard/harder/hardest; soon/sooner/soonest)

B) Irregular forms:

• well/better/best (I like this movie best)
• much/more/most (I love you more.)
• little/less/least (She could care less. / He cares the least.)
• badly/worse/worst (He treated her badly, but she treated him even worse.)
• ill/worse/worst (He was ill, and his condition got worse. He missed her worst of all.)
• far/further/furthest (place + time + degree) -> It took her further than she had imagined. The further you think of it , the more you start to doubt it.)
• far/farther/farthest (place) -> The farthest he had ever travelled was Drachten.

C) All other adverbs ending in -LY -> more/most (She examined it most carefully; He started to walk more quickly.)

 

Adverbs - comparisons

• as .... as / not as ...as / not so ....as  (He couldn't run as fast as his friend could)
• than (She could eat more quickly than he could.; He shouted more loudly than all the others.)
• the ..... the  (The better you study, the more you know!)
• the best/worst/fastest etc. (He ran the fastest.; She worked (the) hardest of them all.; I always liked him (the) best.)

Adverbs - place in sentence

• Place before time (P < T) -> She played a tennis match in London last year. TB p. 180!
• Adverbs of frequency (always, sometimes, usually, never, seldom etc.):

      1 verb -> precedes verb (I always leave home too late.)

      form of "to be" -> after "to be (I was sometimes too late, but she was never late.)

     2 or more verbs -> after 1st verb (I can hardly believe what you said to me.; I must really let you go now.)

• questions -> after subject (Can you actually believe that? Would you really fall for that?)

Negative adverbs - inversion

Inversion is verb followed by subject in affirmative sentence

(affirmative sentences have S/V/O ; questions have V/S/O)

• Seldom have I seen such beauty.
• Hardly had he left, or she started to panick.
• Only then did he realize he missed her.
• Rarely have I been so wrong!

Spelling changes adverbs

words ending in the following have spelling changes:

-ic -> ically (scientifically)

- ble -> -bly (terribly)

- ful ->-full (awfully)

-y -> -ily (happily)

Possession/Genitive 

There are 3 ways to indicate possession:

• 's -> person/singular (the boy's bike)
• ' -> persons/plural (the boys' bikes)
• of -> material things (the brakes of the bike)

Of

• quantity (a large amount of apples/a kilo of salt/one cup of coffee etc.)
• geographical names (The province of Utrecht, the city of Amsterdam etc.)

Double Genitive - Of + 's/his/hers/ours 

He's a friend of mine

She a friend of his

She's a friend of my dad's

Difference between these:

This is a picture of Sarah.

This is a picture of Sarah's.

Key Some/any/compound words

Ex. A.

1. any; some
2. any
3. some; any
4. some
5. any
6. any; some
7. some; no money
8. any day next week would suit us (welke dag dan ook)
9. some; any
10. Some Mr Lewis (een of andere Mr. Lewis)

Ex. B.

1. anywhere
2. anyone
3. something; anything
4. any
5. someone; no one
6. anything; somewhere 

7.  anyone

8. something (you expect the answer to be yes)

Ex. C.

1. Would you like coffee and some cookies?

2. Can anyone tell me what I'm doing here?

3. I haven't seen him anywhere. Do you think something has happened to him?

4. There was hardly any wind today.

5. No one tells me what I have to do!

6. Some stupid child threw some rocks at me!

7. Are you going to do something about that?

8. Hardly anyone ever listens to this show.

9. Shall I get us some french fries?

10. Do you have any books on the Second World War/World War II?

Key Relative pronouns

Ex. B

1. The man whose son has been living/has lived in Canada for 10 years now is a farmer.

2. a. The woman he is talking to is not his wife. (common)

2. b. The woman with whom he is talking is not his wife (very formal way to say this)

2.c. The woman that he is talking to is not his wife. (common)

3. The building that/which/niets  you see over there is the police station. (beperkend want geen komma; the building = niet ondw. van de zin, dus mag je (liever) weglaten)

4. a. What is the name of the guy you were talking to just now?

4.b. What is the name of the boy with whom you were talking just now? (=very formal)

4. c. What is the name of the boy that you were talking to just now? 

5. a.  Is this the pen you are looking for? (pen = niet ondw. van zin, dus relative pronoun kan je weglaten)

5.b.  Is this the pen that/which you are looking for? (that/which = beperkend, want er staat geen komma)

6.a. The men who robbed the bank have been arrested. (voorkeur = who)

6.b. The men that robbed the bank have been arrested. (iets informeler; je gebruikt alleen who/that voor personen. Which verwijst naar dingen/zinsdelen)

7.a. He is in love with a girl he met on a field trip.  (girl = niet ondw. van zin, dus relative pronoun kan je weglaten)

7. b. He is in love with a girl who(m) he met ....

7. c. He is in love with a girl that he met ...

(a/b/c -> in volgorde van voorkeur)

8. The knife with which (waarmee = with which) the man was killed/murdered has still not been found.

Key Interrogative pronouns

Ex. A

1. Who
2. What
3. Who (whom =  formeel)
4. Which  (beperkte keuze)
5.  Why
6. whom (met voorzetsel = whom)
7. Who knows (= 1 iemand)/ which one of you (= 1 iemand)
8. When
9. How
10. Whose
11. Who
12. What
13. When
14. Which (beperkte keuze)

Ex. B

1. Who told you this? Who has told you this? (present perfect = when it's recent)
2. Which players received/got a yellow card?
3. Whose coat is this?
4. From whom did you get this gift?
5. How are you going to do this?
6. Why did you not reply to my request?
7. Whose bag is this?
8. What are you thinking of?
9. Who did you meet at the party?
10. Which one of you can help me?
11. What are you looking for?
12. Who are you waiting for?
13. When/What time are you going home?
14. Which countries produce oil?
15. What you mean by that question?

Key demonstrative/possessive pronouns

Ex. A.:

1. This phone
2. This building
3. Those women
4. These people
5. This coat
6. Those children

Ex. B.

1. their
2. its (ligt eraan of het een huisdier is, lijkt hier van niet)
3. her
4. of hers
5. his
6. of his
7. this
8. This; ours - that; theirs
9. of our
10. their

Ex. C

1. Is this your own home?
2. They visited their relatives in Turkey.
3. This man is an uncle of his.
4. These cars are theirs, ours is  in the garage.
5. Have you sold your house yet?
6. She's a friend of mine.
7. The dog slept in its dog bed (dog basket is something to carry your dog in)
8. We stayed over at a friend of ours.
9. Those boys are playing with their marbles.
10. Paul is her brother, not mine.