Explanation auxiliaries

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 4

Auxiliary verbs

Reference book pp 77 - 78
Grammar: auxiliary verbs (can/could/be able to, etc.)

Unit 4 auxiliaries: 

• Can / Could
  
• Be able to
  
• Be allowed
  
• May / Might
  
• Must
  
• Have to (don’t have to …)
  
• Should
  

Hulpwerkwoorden helpen met het verduidelijken van een (hoofd) werkwoord.

Regels:

• Ontkennend door ‘not’ er achter te zetten (behalve ‘have to’)
  
• Vragend door hulpwerkwoord an begin van zin te zetten (behalve have to)
  

Modals

There are many modals and they can be used to indicate different things. 

1. ability & possibility > can, could, be able to
2. permission & possibility >  be allowed to, may, might
3.  obligation & necessity > must, have (got) to, should

Read through this part of the hand-out and do the exercises on the following slides. 

Can / could / be able to

Can + ww	Could + ww	Be able to + ww
- you can use my phone. - I can ski very well. - She can't work until late.	- Could I open a window, please? - I could already read when I was 4 years old.	- I am able to do a backflip after practising hard. - She was able to study for hours without a break.
- kunnen / mogen / mogelijk zijn - in present simple (tegenwoordige tijd)	- kunnen / mogen / mogelijk zijn in de verleden tijd. - zou kunnen / zou mogen (nette vorm)	- kunnen / in staat zijn - formeler - vaak als iets meer moeite kost / moeilijker is

Modal verbs: may - might - be allowed to

Gebruik: zeggen dat iets mag (hulpwerkwoorden 'mogen')

May Mogen Zou kunnen	+ hele ww Tegenwoordige tijd	You may go now. Debby is late; she may be ill.	Toegestaan* (bij informeel gebruiken we eerder can) Zou kunnen
Might Zou misschien mogen Zou misschien kunnen	+ hele ww tegenwoordige tijd	Might I ask a the Queen a question? There might be fully automatic cars soon.	Toegestaan (meest formeel) Mogelijk
[to be] allowed to mogen	+ hele ww Alle tijden Vervangt altijd may & can in andere tijden dan de TT	Thomas was allowed to leave early. Everyone will be allowed to use a dictionary.	Toegestaan (volgens de regels)

May, might, be allowed to

1. may / might + hele werkwoord om toestemming te vragen of zeggen dat iets (of niet) is toegestaan. 'may' is mogen en 'might' is zou mogen.

2. may/might om mogelijkheid aan te geven. 'May' is meer zeker dan 'might".

3. be allowed to + hele werkwoord om te zeggen dat iets (of niet) is toegestaan volgens de regels.

Must / have to / should (= moeten)

Must	have to / has to	should
I must be on time. I must stop for a red traffic light. I mustn't forget the time.	- My mum said I have to do the dishes. - he/she/it has to do the homework.	- You should try that new chocolate flavour! - You should visit your grandma. It's nice of you. - You shouldn't wait with studying until the last minute
- het moet (niet) van jezelf - het is een regel	- het moet van iemand anders	- het is een tip/advies - het is netjes gedrag

- don't have to

= het hoeft niet

You ______ be exhausted after your long trip. Come in and have a drink.

1. might
2. must
3. should
4. could

I won't go out this afternoon because the weather forecast is not very good, and I ________ get wet

1. must
2. might
3. may
4. could

I _____ left my wallet in the car. I can't find it anywhere.

1. could have
2. should
3. must have
4. might have

You ______ step into the headmaster's office without permission.

1. mustn't
2. don't have to
3. needn't
4. mightn't

I ______ take orders from you. You're not my boss!

1. mustn't
2. don't have to
3. shouldn't
4. am not able

Unit 4's auxiliaries:

• Can / Could
  
• Be able to
  
• Be allowed
  
• May / Might
  
• Must
  
• Have to (don’t have to …)
  
• Should
  

Unit 5's auxiliaries: 

• Be willing
  
• Want
  
• Would rather
  
• Make
  
• Would like
  
• Mind
  

Willen: want / make / would like / mind / willing

• Als er sprake is van een bevel, je wilt iets van een ander --> want 
  She wanted us to finish our homework. 
• Als er sprake is van een bevel, je wordt gedwongen --> make
  He made us go home at ten o'clock. 
• Als er sprake is van een vriendelijk verzoek --> would like
  I would like you to stop talking now.
• Als het gaat om bereid zijn of iets (best) willen --> mind / willing
  Do you mind helping me out this afternoon? 
  She is willing to do the groceries for us. 

not mind/willing/would rather

• don't/doesn't/didn't mind + gerund (ww+ ing)= niet erg vinden om, bereid zijn/best willen

      He doesn't mind helping out now and then. He didn't mind  staying until I was done.

• willing to + hele ww = bereid zijn, best willen

Jim is willing to help us, if we need a pair of extra hands. (Jim wil ons best helpen, ...)

Are they willing to pay for the damages? (Zijn zij bereid om voor de schade te betalen?)

• would rather + hele ww = liever willen

I'd rather die on the spot, than asking him out on a date! I too shy! (Ik ga nog liever .....)
We'd rather finish/would rather finish the work tonight, than having to come back tomorrow. 

Want:

Opdracht / bevel: willen dat

• He wanted me to write a letter.
  Hij wilde dat ik een brief schreef.
• She wants us to be on time.
  Zij wil dat wij op tijd zijn.

Make:

Opdracht / bevel: dwingen (laten)

• He always makes us work hard.
  Hij laat ons altijd hard werken.
• She mades us walk all the way home.
  Zij liet ons de hele weg naar huis lopen.

She ____ us wait for half an hour. It made me so angry!

1. make
2. didn't mind
3. was willing
4. made

He ____ me to read this book. But I didn't enjoy it.

1. wanted
2. minded
3. was willing
4. would rather

_______ doing that for me? I don't want to get up.

1. Would you rather
2. Could you
3. Would you mind
4. Would you

_______ to babysit tonight?

1. Are you willing
2. Do you mind
3. Could you
4. Would you rather

I ______ go to Disney Land over Legoland.

1. want
2. would rather
3. don't mind
4. am willing