Lesson 2 - Cell division

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 2

Mitosis:

• The daughter cells are an exact copy of the mother cell.

• Interphase - the cell is at rest and is already copying the chromosomes.
• Prophase - the step before mitosis the nucleus is still there
• Metaphase - the chromosomes move to the middle of the nucleus.
• Anaphase -  the chromosomes split and the separate chromosomes move away from each other.
• Telophase - the separated chromosomes form two new nuclei at each end of the cell.

Meiosis:

• Is used to create gametes.
• PMAT is done twice!

• Prophase - the step before mitosis the nucleus is still there
• Metaphase - the chromosomes move to the middle of the nucleus.
• Anaphase -  the chromosomes split and the separate chromosomes move away from each other.
• Telophase - the separated chromosomes form two new nuclei at each end of the cell.

Sexual Reproduction in plants:

with the stamen and the carpels

pollination

fertilization

dispersal

germination

Asexual reproduction in plants:

with mitosis

runners

bulbs

tubers

cuttings & grafting

Sexual Reproduction in Animals

Most animals that have sexual reproduction have 3 phases:

1. Pre-Fertilisation (the gametes also known as sex cells are produced and prepared).
2. Fertilisation (the sex cells are brought together somehow and melt together to form on cell "zygote").
3. Post-Fertilisation (the zygote start dividing by mitosis and becomes and embryo which continues to grow).

Asexual Reproduction in Animals

1. Some very small animals are so small they can reproduce by mitosis.
2. A hydra can reproduce by budding, many species of jellyfish reproduce this way too.
3. Some animals can reproduce by means of fragmentation. This means that they can break off a piece of themselves and a whole new organisms can grow from that piece. Flatworms, starfish and seasponges can do this.

If you cut yourself, which process heals the wound?

1. mitosis
2. meiosis

In a plant, which process produces the pollen grains?

1. mitosis
2. meiosis

Which process makes your hair and fingernails grow?

1. mitosis
2. meiosis

Which process produces sperm cells in cats?

1. mitosis
2. meiosis

How does and apple tree reproduce, sexually or asexually?

1. sexual reproduction
2. asexual reproduction

How do starfish reproduce?

1. budding
2. fragmentation

How do potato plants reproduce?

1. runners
2. cuttings
3. bulbs
4. tubers

How do birds reproduce?

1. sexual reproduction
2. asexual reproduction

Homework:

• Study the Quizlet "Glossary Reproduction" 100% on "Flashcards".
• Complete the exercises to your level in "Homework-2" on Google Classroom.
• Complete the homework at least until level 3

• Good luck!!