What were the significant breakthroughs in medicine in the nineteenth century? PART II (p. 94 - 99)

• Humanities
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 3

Healthcare & Medicine 

Statement of Inquiry: 

The health of communities requiers effective governance and the development of welfare systems. 

Key Concept: Systems

Related Concepts: Governance

Global Context: Fairness and development

Healthcare & Medicine 

In this class, you will investigate the following medical breakthroughs which happened during the nineteenth century:

• Germ Theory
• Surgery
• Infection
• Blood Loss
• Public Health 

Healthcare & Medicine 

Read the text about Germ Theory on p. 94. 

There were a few important figures in the field of Germ Theory, most notably:

Loius Pasteur, Robert Koch, Emil von Behring and Patrick Manson.

On the next slide, drag the key-words to the right person. 

Louis Pasteur 

Robert Koch 

Emil von Behring

Patrick Manson

won the Novel Prize in Medice in 1901

French scientist 

discovery led to the pasturazation of milk

German doctor

British doctor

Discovered many diseases like TBC and cholera. 

German scientist

Discovered that some diseases were spread through carriers

Isolated and grew bacteria to observe

other scientist were inspired and discovered viruses

developed vaccines to prevent diseases, like chicken pox

Found out that some animals produce anti-toxins

Healthcare & Medicine 

Read the text about Surgery on p. 94 - 95. 

Also, Check out SOURCE E (Figure 5.15 and 5.16) 

Watch the video and on the next slides, answer the questions. 

In about 100 words, descibe with the use examples of the video and the text on p. 94 -95 how surgery has developend form a grueling painfull experience to a much more painfree and safe procedure nowadays.

Check out SOURCE E on p. 95. In about 50 words, describe what is happening in the cartoon. What conclusions can be drawn about how surgery was perfomred at the turn of the nineteenth century?

Fact or fable?
"Before the nineteenth century, some London hospitals had a 80 percent death rate post-operation"

1. Fact
2. Fable

Fact or fable?
"Some historians suggest that surgeons in America were more ready to try out new techniques on black slaves."

1. Fact
2. Fable

Fact or fable?
"Since doctors did not now how to take away pain during surgery, they took their time to perform the operation"

1. Fact
2. Fable

Fact or fable?
"The use of laughing gas by American doctor J.C. Warren to remove a tooth without pain was succesfull"

1. Fact
2. Fable

Fact or fable?
"Choroform put patients to sleep so long, that they could still feel the pain of the surgery but were to dozed of to respond and still experienced agony".

1. Fact
2. Fable

Fact or fable?
"Carl Koller discoverd cocaine as a local anaesthetic, wich was less dangerous as the patient stayed awake."

1. Fact
2. Fable

You might think that everyone would be happy to accept relief from pain brought by the new anaesthetics. However, many individuals and groups objected to their use.
Check out SOURCE F - H on p. 96. In about 50 words, describe what objections there might be to using anaesthetics in the nineteenth century.

Healthcare & Medicine 

Read the text about Infection on p. 97. 

Also, Check out SOURCE I & J and Figure 5.18.

On the next slide, drag the key-words to the right person and answer the question. 

Ignaz Semmelweis

Florence Nightingale 

Jospeph Lister 

British surgeon

Hungarian doctor

disoverd a higher baby death rate from student surgeons

British nurse

showed the mortality of soldiers during Crimean War

discovered that carbolic acid could heal wounds after surgery

improved cleanliness of field hospitals

After initial objection, Koch supported the use of sterilization

promoted simple hygiene protocol, but was not taken seriously

Check out SOURCE I and J on p. 97. In about 50 words, explain why there was resistance to Lister's ideas and methods for preventing infection.

Healthcare & Medicine 

Read the text about Blood Loss on p. 98. 

On the next slide, answer the question

Consider the following statement:
"The discoveries made by Lister made Paré's ligatures safe and more effective"
Explain if this statement is true or false.

Healthcare & Medicine 

Read the text about Public Health on p. 99. 

Also, Check out SOURCE K.

On the next slide, answer the question. 

In about 100 words, explain with the use of examples why, despite better trained doctors, new scientific discoveries and government interventions, life expectancy and the general health of the poor had not improved significantly by the end of the nineteenth century.

Healthcare & Medicine 

For the final assigment to round up this parapraphs question:

"What were the significant breakthroughs in medicine in the nineteenth century?"

You will make a summary in the form of a time-line or flow chart. You can create this summary on paper or digitally. 

Make sure that you include as much dates, discoveries and significant individuals as possible. 

Upload a screenshot or image of your timeline or flowchart here.