DNA Lesson 6.2 Practice Types of mutation

• Biologie
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 4

Practice types of mutation

Transcription and translation take place in...

1. both in the nucleus
2. both in the cytoplasm
3. transcription in nucleus translation in cytoplasm
4. translation in nucleus transcription in cytoplasm

Order from TALL to SMALL:

Cell

Nucleus

Chromosome

DNA

molecule

Nucleotide

Nucleic acid

After eating a lot of carbohydrates the body produces more insuline. This is a change in:

1. genotype
2. phenotype
3. gene expression
4. sequence

Which description explains a stem cell best?

1. Cell that can differentiate into various cell types
2. Cell with a certain function
3. Cell that divides into two daughter cells
4. Cell of a tree

Key words

Mutation

Point mutation

Genome mutation

Mutagenic

Tumor suppressor genes

Proto onco genes

Onco genes

Benign tumor

Malignant tumor

Metastasis

Point mutation

A single base pair is added, deleted or changed

Example of point mutation with serious consequences: sickle cell anemia

Types of mutation

Example

Frame shift mutation

A frameshift mutation in a gene = the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three

Binas 

Open Binas figures of DNA in classroom 

Go to page 3 (the codon chart)

                          Practice

Point mutation

Give the one letter code of the amino acids of this protein

                          Practice

Point mutation

--> before the start codon so the protein will stay the same

Point mutation

                          Practice

Give the one letter code of the amino acids of this protein

                          Practice

Point mutation

--> CUG makes another amino acid L, so the same protein is synthesized

                          Practice

Point mutation

Give the one letter code of the amino acids of this protein

                          Practice

Point mutation

--> No startcodon --> no protein!!

                          Practice

Point mutation: add a nucleotide = insertion

Give the one letter code of the amino acids of this protein

                          Practice

Point mutation: add a nucleotide = insertion

--> M-L-T-R-A-L-A.      --> different protein

                          Practice

Point mutation: loose a nucleotide = deletion

Give the one letter code of the amino acids of this protein

                          Practice

Point mutation: loose a nucleotide = deletion

--> Only M, followed by stop codon

                          Practice

Genome mutation

Do you know an example of a genome mutation?

                          Practice

Mutagenic radiation

DNA change influenced by radiation

                          Practice

Normal cell division is regulated by:

- tumor suppressor genes: Encode for proteins that inhibit cell     division

- proto-oncogenes: Encode for proteins that stimulate cell            division

Together they regulate a balanced cell division

                          Practice

Origin of cancer:

- mutation in suppressor gene: cell division is out of

   control

- mutation in proto-oncogene: becomes oncogene so cells keeps dividing

A tumor develops after multiple mutations in one cell

Cancer cells: cells gone wrong after a mutation

Benign tumors  are capsulated, slowly growing and non-invasive

Malignant tumors spread, grow rapidly and are invasive

Metastasis!

                 Benign vs. malignant

Key words

Mutation

Point mutation

Genome mutation

Mutagenic

Tumor suppressor genes

Proto-onco genes

Oncogenes

Benign tumor

Malignant tumor

Metastasis

Homework

Finish worksheet lesson 5

Finish worksheet lesson 6 

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