Havo 5 grammar booklet ex. A-C - answers & explanation tenses

• Middelbare school

Ex. A - p. 12 - Mixed tenses - signal words for tense underlined

1. Have you ever landed (experience)

2. She was chopping liver when St. N. banged on the door

(longer action (= past continuous)  going on when shorter action interrupted.

3. After she had been laying bricks all morning, she started 

(past perfect continuous = had been laying -> earlier action in the past, emphasis on duration -> all morning)

4. They have been snoring in these chairs since

(present perfect continuous -> to emphasize the duration of sleeping)

5. I have eaten 7 ham rolls up till now

6. Are you coming  (= ga je mee) with me? No, I am seeing my sollicitor at three  (future tense, appointment in agenda)

7. I have lived here for years (still going on) , but I am going to move (future tense: intention = going to +verb) to Surhuisterveen soon

8. This time tomorrow, we will be playing against the kids next door (future continuous - will be + verb + ing -> zijn we aan het spelen)

9. She has been drinking all night and now she can hardly stand (present perfect continuous, emphasizes duration -> started at some point last night and still going on/or just finished)

10. Petronella broke down yesterday, because it became almost impossible to get it open (continue in the past simple, not an earlier action because the not getting the door open happens practically at the same time)

11. She has been drilling holes in the wall all day. She must be exhausted!(present perfect continuous, emphasizes duration -> started at some point today and still going on/or just finished.)

12. What are your plans? I am going to build...(intention/plans)

13. Before he went to Italy, he had spent a lot of time in Greece.(had spent = Past Perfect = earlier action in the past; the more recent action in the Past = Past Simple)

Ex. A - p. 12 - Mixed tenses - signal words for tense underlined

14. What do you do? (= wat doe jij voor werk?) "I repair cars for a living". (fact/habit = Present Simple)

15. Gladys works (fact/habit) as a nurse, a pilot and .., but now she is working (temporary situation) as a gladiatior 

Ex. B - p. 12 - Mixed tenses - signal words for tense underlined

1. Have never seen

2. Have lived here for

3. When did you go

4. Did he catch last night

5 Haven't been for

6. In a decade they will have torn down (future fact finished in a decade = future perfect -> will + have + past participle/3rd f.)

7. (Was ringing) Rang while we were reading (= longer action)

8. How long have you been (started in the past -  up till now & still going on) 

9. Have been  for over (started a month ago and now still going on/still there)

10. He always drinks (fact/habit)11. We have been friends since 12. Did you sail a long time ago 13. I have just seen 14. Three years ago we bought15. We have lived since 16. When I was singing (= longer action, alreading going on/she began (= shorter action, interrupts)

17. Did she speak last month 18) hasn't said for 19) Up till now we haven't had 20) always cries/is crying (=irritation) /goes

Ex. C.- p. 13 - Mixed tenses - signal words for tense underlined

1. haven't played since

2. has been sitting since (has been + verb + ing -> stresses duration)

3. was sitting (Past continuous -> stresses duration)

4. wrote 

5. haven't sent for over

6. When I was having (= longer action already going on)/heard (interrupts)

7. hasn't finished yet

8. has worked for three weeks now

9. I have already paid 

10. While we were working; it began

11. How long have you been...now?

12. What did you think when you first came here

13. Are you staying at a comfortable hotel (temporary situation) 

14. Have you ever tasted

15. Did you like it when you first ate one 16. Every day he sits; watches (habit)

Ex. C.- p. 13 - Mixed tenses - signal words for tense are underlinded

17. Yesterday I didn't work

18. was born in Poland in 1867

19.our friend is leaving in 10 minutes (appointment in diary; plane leaves = timetable)

20. I am today

21. saw twenty min. ago

22. usually goes

23. met a year ago

24. learned/learnt when he was

25. was (in the past)

26. brings now (fact/habit)

27. Is there going to be (intention/plan) /Will there be (factual) next Friday (= future)     / is there a meeting (according to programme/timetable - in your agenda).

28. What are you doing (definite appointment in diary) /going to do (intention/plans) this weekend (= future)

Ex. C.- p. 13 - Mixed tenses - signal words for tense are underlinded

29. discovered 400 years ago

30. he goes every day. 

31. I have written since

32. he has been ill for three weeks now

33. Lend me your pen! I have found the answer (result/recent action)

34. he has been ill for three weeks now

35. has just left; he will be back at 3:15 (future fact/at the moment of speaking)

36. I came in at 2:30 so I have been here for

37. How are you, F.? We haven't seen you since

38. A bird builds in spring (fact/something that always happens)

39. We have spoken for over

40. Have you ever been to (also: asking after someone's experience)

Ex. C.- p. 13/14 - Mixed tenses - signal words for tense are underlinded

41. How long have you worked here (started in the past and is still going on)

42. Last month my friend won; we haven't seen him since

43. The train leaves from platform ..... (timetable)

44. How long have you known (

NOTE: in sentence no. 44 this is a direct speech because of he  quotation marks " ..."?

If it is an indirect speech (NO quotation marks): My dad asked me yesterday how long I had known this man = past perfect (had + past participle/3rd form)

45. died after he had been seriously ill (an earlier action in the past - first he had been ill, then he died)

46. After you had gone, I went (an earlier action in the past - first he had left, then I went to sleep)

47.  He would go if he only had the chance - 2nd conditional/not real situation

Ex. C.- p. 14 - Mixed tenses - signal words for tense are underlinded

47. continued:

NOTE: You can start or finish the sentence with "if":

"If" at the start (before the main clause) -> use a comma to separate the clause from "if" 

"if" after the main clause -> no comma is necessary

check out the  explanation of if-sentences in this lessonup

2nd conditional: 

if-clause = past simple/main clause = would + verb (1st form/infinitive = hele ww.)

48. If I lived, I would sing - 2nd conditional/not real situation

49. She said that she had already seen (had already seen = an earlier action in the past; indirect speech/NO quotation marks)

If it were a direct speech/quotation marks: "I have already seen the Tower"

Ex. C.- p. 14 - Mixed tenses - signal words for tense are underlinded

50. The fire had spread ..., before the firemen arrived. (had + spread = past perfect -> indicates an earlier action in the past:

first the fire had spread, then the firemen arrived)

51. The milkman comes every day at about 1.30. (fact/habit)

52. I heard this not so long ago.

53. Shakespeare died in 1616

54. When will your sister be back (future fact); I am expecting her this evening (future) (you believe that this will take place)

NOTE: if you say: I expect her this evening -> you feel she must do sth./it's her duty to do so)

55. awkward sentence:

Either:

Tomorrow is Nigel's birthday (fact/happens every year) OR

Tomorrow Nigel is having/is celebrating his birthday party (party scheduled in his diary/"is having" =  celebrating here)

Ex. C.- p. 14 - Mixed tenses - signal words for tense are underlinded

56. We said goodbye only this morning (-> it's finished "nog maar net vanochtend")

57. His aunt generally has a light breakfast at 8. (fact/habit)

58. I spoke ...last summer

59. He has travelled/traveled  since(UK vs US spelling -> UK spelling doubles the "l")

60. where he was born (clearly past ;-)

61. Are you enjoying your dinner? (at this moment; eating right now)

62. When will the new factory be opened? Or is it still a secret?

(asking for a future fact)

63. Where are we going to go this summer? (asking about plans/intentions for the future)

NOTE: if you say "Where are we going this summer?" it implies that things have been already booked. If things still need to be booked/you are talking about plans/intentions : going to go

In this case, "we" implies discussing summer plans/intentions

Ex. C.- p. 14 - Mixed tenses - signal words for tense are underlined

64. Scott was disappointed that A. had reached the South Pole one month earlier (an earlier action in the past: first A. had reached the South Pole, then Scott was disappointed)

65. The clock hasn't struck yet.

66. Frances has been on holiday since he was twelve (an action started in the past and is still going on)

67. I'm very tired and no wonder: I have been working the whole morning(result = very tired, stresses duration - the whole morning -  and result. This is the  Present Perfect Continuous = has/have + been + verb + ing -> stresses a long time/long duration)

68. Can I have another sheet of paper?  I have made so many mistakes (result; recent action that has an effect on the present; when you made the mistakes is not important/not mentioned)

Ex. C.- p. 14 - Mixed tenses - signal words for tense are underlinded

69. Will I ever see my little brother again? (personal prediction - in this case wondering about the future - /opinion about the future)

NOTE: verbs like believe/feel/wonder etc. + will when you talk about the future

70. My husband has just gone out. He won't be back until midnight (future fact)

71. How long have you lived ...? (started in the past and still going on)

Where did you live when ..? (past - finished, no longer living there)

72. Since the summer holidays, we havent' met her. (started since the holidays, still going on - this not having meet her)

Ex. C.- p. 14 - Mixed tenses - signal words for tense are underlined

73. Next week many prices will go up. (future fact)

74. My little brother has played the piano for three years now.

(started in the past & still going on)

75. A few days ago he told me that he had never been to Germany. (told = past simple -> ago; that he had never been to = indirect speech "I have never been to Germany" -> that he haD never been to.

Present Perfect -> Past Perfect)

76. I'm sorry, but the manager left an hour ago, and he won't be back soon(soon = future -> fact or personal prediction)

77.  We saw your friend in the park;  

Ex. C.- p. 14 - Mixed tenses - signal words for tense are underlinded

78. The shops around here close at 6 PM (fact/timetable)

79. So far he has written 8 novels. He wrote his first in 1967.

80. We will hear more about this when he returns (future fact -> when = as soon as). But when will that be? (question future possibility)

81. He answered after he had thought/had been thinking about it for some time. (earlier action in the past Past Perfect; Past Perfect Continuous = to emphasize duration)

82. After he had finished his speech, he left the hall. (earlier action in the past)

83. I should buy it if I had the money. (2nd conditional)

Ex. C.- p. 14 - Mixed tenses - signal words for tense are underlined

84. If I had your income, I would buy a better car at once. (rather use would/could buy here).

85. Grandmother answered that she had already done her shopping. (earlier action in the past = past perfect/had done)

86. The kidnappers had killed ...before the father brought ...

(earlier action in the past = past perfect/had killed)

87. He has just come (recently finished/result) in and will see (future - promise/at the moment of speaking) you in five minutes.

88. Whenever he goes ("whenever" with reference to future = present simple), he buys (part of "whenever") a lot of books

89. They haven't visited me in the last two months. (in relation to the present; up till now, so far. in = for) If you wanted to use the Past Simple/finished action, you would say: "They didn't visit me last month nor the month before" or a more natural way is to say: "They last visited me two months ago.")

Tenses (examples) & Signal words:

Present Simple (I go/she goes): 

• Facts / habits / permanent situations
• Signal words: always/usually/never/sometimes etc.

Present Continuous (I am watching; they are watching): 

•  happening right now. Signal words: now, look!, listen! 
• not permanent/ temporary situation (i.e. He's a cook, but now he's working as a waiter). Signal words: currently, at the moment 
• developing situations ("He's getting smarter and smarter!)
• irritation. Signal words: always, exclamation mark (!)

Past Simple (I went/they walked):

• Action finished in the past & when is mentioned or important
• Signal words: when, then, ago, last, during that time, in 1990 etc.

Past Continuous (she was walking/they were walking):

• To indicate a long duration 
• To indicate that something was already going on before something else (the shorter action = past simple) interrupted.
• signal words: while, when

Tenses (examples) & Signal words:

Present Perfect (I have gone/ she has walked):

• Unfinished action / no when 
• Focus on result/recent action (no when)
• To ask after experience (Have you ever...?)
• signal word: so far, since, for, how long, ever, never, always,

up till now, yet, etc.

Present Perfect Continuous (I have been working/ She has been doing this all morning)

•  Unfinished action that stresses a long time/long duration (= ing form)
• signal words: all the time, all day, the whole morning etc.

Past Perfect (I had gone/she had gone before you came over): 

• To indicate an earlier action in the past/in relation to another action in the past (the past perfect= earlier action in the past)
• signal words: before, after, prior to

Note:often used with indirect speech in the past 

(He noticed that I had already finised my work)

Past Perfect Continuous (I had been working/ She had been doing this all morning before you came over)

• Action that happened earlier in the past and that stresses a long time/long duration (= ing form)
• signal words: all the time, all day, the whole morning etc.

Tenses (examples) & Signal words:

Future tenses:

Signal words: any reference to the future: i.e. tomorrow, next week, this Friday, coming Sunday etc.

Will:

• spontaneous decisions or offer at the moment of speaking (will + verb / shall in question with I/we -> "Shall I get that for you?")
• predictions based on on personal opinion (will + verb) -> often with verbs such as believe/think/feel
• future facts (i.e. elections/weather -> will + verb)

Present simple:

• timetables (stores/public transport/schools/churches etc.) 
  
• After certain words, when the sentence has a future meaning. These words are: before / after / as soon as / until / when / by the time: I'll call you as soon as I get home. By the time you get home, I'll be sleeping.

Going to

• intentions/plans: going to + verb
• predictions based on evidence (The clouds are dark, it's going to rain)

Present Continuous

Appointment (within a short period of time/within a week from now)

Future Perfect ( will have + past participle/3rd form)

To indicate that something will have taken place by the time you reach a point in the future

i.e.: In a decade, plastics will have polluted all of the five oceans.

Future Continuous (will be + verb + ing)

To indicated what someone will be doing at some point in the future - emphasizes duration (i.e. will be sleeping/playing etc.)

Questions

Present Simple:

Does (he/she/it) + verb -> Does she like eating out?

Do (I/you/we/they) + verb -> Do they like the Pasta Factory?

Past Simple:

Did (all pronouns: I/she/we etc.) -> Did you meet up last night?

Do/Does/Did + VERB/HELE WERKWOORD!

Present Continuous:

Am/is/are + verb + ing -> Are you listening to CHOM FM Montreal?

Present Perfect/Past Perfect:

Has/Have + past participle/3rd form -> Has he ever been to the USA? 

Had + past participle/3rd form -> he finished his homework before he went to school?

Negative sentences

Present Simple:

Doesn't (he/she/it) + verb -> She doesn't like eating out

Don't (I/you/we/they) + verb -> They don't like the Pasta Fact.

Past Simple:

Didn't (all pronouns: I/she/we etc.) -> They didn't meet up last niet

Do/Does/Did + not + VERB/HELE WERKWOORD!

Present Continuous:

Am/is/are + not + verb +ing -> I'm not listening to CHOM FM.

Present Perfect/Past Perfect:

Has/Have + not + verb -> He hasn't been to the USA before. 

Had +not + verb -> He hadn't done his homework before het went to school

Tag Questions

A question added to the sentence, to get the other person to agree with you or to engage in small talk.

• He likes dancing, doesn't he?
  
• He doesn't like dancing, does he?

• They appear rather friendly, don't they?
  
• They don't seem too friendly, do they?
  

• You forgot my birthday, didn't you?
  
• I didn't  forget, did I?
  

• She can help, can't she?
  
• You shouldn't be here, should you? 
  

- , + / lexical verb (betekeniswerkwoord/zww),  do/does/did 
+, _ / lexical verb (betekeniswerkwoord/zww), don't/doesn't/didn't
HWW herhaal je (-,+ of +, -) 

NOTE: I am not late, am I? vs I am awfully nice, aren't I?

Neither/So

• Neither -> to agree with a negative statement (a statement with "not" or "never" in the sentence)
  

• So -> to agree with a positive statement
  

She has never learned how to swim. Neither have I!

He doesn't like milk. Neither do I!

They didn't watch the movie. Neither did we!

She knows how to swim. So do I!

He likes milk. So does she!

They watched the movie. So did we!

- , + / lexical verb (betekeniswerkwoord/zww), do/does/did 

+, _ / lexical verb (betekeniswerkwoord/zww), don't/doesn't/didn't

HWW herhaal je (-,+ of +, -)

Direct Speech (quotation marks ) -> Indirect Speech 

"I am waiting for the bus", she said -> She said that she was waiting for the bus

"I love pizza", he said. -> He told them that he loved pizza.

"I have never been to Greece", the girl said -> The girl told him that she haD never been to ...

"I told  my buddy yesterday I had never been so afraid before", the Hell's Angel told the police officer -> He told the police officer that he had told his buddy that he had never been so afraid before

Direct speech -> Indirect Speech

Present Continuous -> Past Continuous

Present Simple -> Past Simple

Present Perfect -> Past Perfect

Past Simple -> Past Perfect

Past Perfect -> Past Perfect

will -> would

shall -> should

can -> could

is -> was

are-> were

etc.

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