Relative Clauses 3

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• havo
• Leerjaar 5

Road map

• Grammar - Relative Clauses: recap
• Check assignments E, 2, 3, 4 and F on Learnbeat.
• Do exercises G on Learnbeat

Relative clauses

We use relative clauses to describe or give extra information about something we have already mentioned. We often use them to avoid repetition. 

We often use relative pronouns (e.g. who, where, that, which, whose) to introduce relative clauses.

Relative clauses

Restrictive relative clauses:  you need them in the sentence for it to make sense. They give you essential information. NO COMMAS!!!

Non-restrictive relative clauses: They give extra information, which isn’t absolutely necessary. We use COMMAS to separate them from the rest of the sentence. 

Relative clauses

Restrictive relative clauses (no commas):

You can leave out that when:

• it is the object of the relative clause
• it is followed by a pronoun (name or I, you, he, she etc.)

This is the house that Jack built. 

Relative clauses

Whom: is sometimes used as the object of a verb or preposition

This is George’s brother, with whom I went to school.

Whose: refers to the person that something belongs to.

He's a musician whose albums have sold millions. 

Relative clauses

Non-Restrictive relative clauses (commas):

• antecedent = person: who 
• antecedent = thing: which 
• antecedent = place: where
• antecedent = time: when 
• antecedent = reason: why
• no antecedent = what ('that which')

Relative clauses

Restrictive relative clauses (no commas):

• antecedent = person: who or that, preference for who
• antecedent = thing: which or that, preference for that 
• antecedent = place: where
• antecedent = time: when 
• antecedent = reason: why
• no antecedent = what ('that which')

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Relative Clauses

E.2. D. The pony kept pulling on the reins. I was riding the pony. 

The pony that I was riding kept pulling on the reins. 

(which is also possible, leaving out that is also an option)

Who with animals: mostly used with pets by their OWNERS. On the test it will be marked as a mistake. 

Relative Clauses

E.2. F. His friend turned out to be a traitor. He had trusted him completely.

His friend, whom he had trusted completely, turned  out to be a traitor. 

Relative Clauses

E. 2. K. I was waiting for my date. She didn't turn up. 

The date whom I was waiting for didn't turn up. 

The date for whom I was waiting didn't turn up

The date (that) I was waiting for didn't turn up.

Prepositions: always at the end of the relative clause except with whom/which. 

Relative Clauses

E. 3. C. Dat meisje met wie jij gisteren stond te praten, zit bij mijn zus in de klas.

The girl whom you were talking to yesterday is in my sister's class. 

The girl to whom you were talking yesterday ....

The girl (that) you were talking to yesterday ...

Relative Clauses

E. 3. J. Frank vertelde dat hij ons niet gezien had in de bus, wat gewoon niet waar was.

Frank told us that he had not seen us on the bus, which was just not true.

Relative Clauses

E.4.e. He introduced me to his family. Most of them were from Scotland.

He introduced me to his family most of whom were from Scotland. 

Relative Clauses

Let op!

Bij een groep personen maakt het verschil of je de groep als een eenheid ziet of als een verzameling individuen! 

which                                                                                        who

In dit geval is ook het werkwoord in het meervoud

Relative Clauses

E.4.e. He introduced me to his family. His family belongs to one of the oldest Scottish clans.

He introduced me to his family which belongs to one of the

 oldest Scottish clans. 

Relative Clauses

whoever, whatever, wherever, whichever etc.

Je gebruikt de toevoeging '-ever' als je wilt zeggen 'wie dan ook'/ 'wat dan ook'.

• whatever: ongeacht wat dan ook.
• whichever: als je al een keus hebt gemaakt/als er al een selectie is gemaakt en er een beperkte keus is.

Relative Clauses

F. 4. Jane lives in Biggleswade, wherever

 that may be (I don't know and don't much care.)

We each throw the dice and whichever (one)

 of us has the lowest total does the washing up.

Er is beperkte keuze = whichever

Relative Clauses

We each throw the dice and whichever (one)

 of us has the lowest total does the washing up.

Er is beperkte keuze = whichever

Anders:

I hope that whoever dumped this rubbish here will be prosecuted.

Relative Clauses

Shorter alternatives for relative clauses:

• use the infinitive (het hele werkwoord). Met name na 'the last, the only, of een overtreffende trap: John was the last one to arrive 
• use a continuous form (= -ing vorm) or a past participle (voltooid deelwoord): The man sitting next to Jamy ...
• use an adjective: The people responsible for ....

Homework

Do: 1.3. G  on Learnbeat

Study the theory!