2122_Study of Language week2

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• Studiejaar 2

Study of language; week 2

Morphology & Semantics

First: recap week 1

chapter 1: origins of language

chapter 5: word formation

social interaction source:

yo-he-ho theory

the physical adaptation  

source

the genetic source

The natural sound  

source: 

the pooh-pooh theory

the natural sound source:

the bow-wow theory

the tool-making source

The divine source

borrowing

Loan-Translation

Compounding

Blending

Coinage/

eponym

acronyms

Clipping

Hypocorism

backformation

conversion

derivation

denim

homeless

butter

to donate

Nicky

ad

smirting

pretzels

NASA

perros calientes

asperine

paperclip

chapter 6

Morphology

Learning aims:

By the end of this session you will be able to: 

• explain what morphemes are 
• identify morphemes in words and sentences 
• recognize and name semantic/lexical relations between words. 

morphemes

morphemes are the smallest units of language still having meaning or grammatical function.

There are free morphemes, that can stand alone and bound morphemes that need to be attached to a free morpheme.

How many morphemes?
The girls quickly walked down the uneven path.

1. 7
2. 10
3. 12
4. 13

Free morphemes:

lexical: nouns, verbs, adjectives, (most) adverbs

functional: pronouns, prepostions, articles, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, etc

Bound morphemes:

derivational: 

changes meaning and/or word class, e.g. dis-, un-, im-, -less, ness, etc

inflectional: has a grammatical function: -s, -ing, er, 's, etc

free morphemes

bound morphemes

derivational

lexical

functional

inflectional

My sister likes to eat many biscuits.

How many lexical & how many functional morphemes?

1. 4 + 4
2. 3 + 4
3. 4 + 3
4. 4 + 5

The unkind brothers decided to buy a bigger and wonderful car.

How many derivational & inflectional morphemes?

1. 2 + 2
2. 2 + 3
3. 3 + 3
4. 3 + 2

functional morpheme

lexical morpheme

inflectional morpheme

derivational morpheme

happy

ing

look

was

she

d

place

mis

sister

er

old

the

after

un

her

rabbit

s

chapter 9

Semantics

meaning: 

referential or associative/emotive

lexical relations: 

Taboo

lexical relations

Synonyms 

Antonyms 

Hyponyms / Prototypes 

Metonymy 

Collocation

Homophones  

Homonyms  

Polysemy

synonyms

antonyms;

gradable

antonyms:

non-gradable

reversives

leave

enter

old

true

nice

agreable

new

 false

hyponyms/

co-hyponyms

• hyponym = a kind of ....
• a daisy is a hyponym for flower
• daisy & violet a co-hyponyms

rose is the prototype ("best" example)

flower is the superordinate

flower

Hyponomy

• a Hyponym is "a kind of..."
• Daisy is a hyponym of flower
• Daisy and violet are co-hyponyms
• Flower is the superordinate
• The most characteristic hyponym = prototype

what did you think of the date?

homonyms

polysemy

homophones

homonyms

polysemy

metonomy & collocation

metonymy: 

He drank the whole bottle?

collocation:

words that "belong" together

next week

chapter 10: Pragmatics

chapter 11: Discourse analysis