week 5

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vwo
• Leerjaar 5

27 September

1. HW Check Reading. Any problems?

2. Grammar. 

Do ex 17 first. Then check. 

Expanation required?

MODALS

Let's teach you

all about

modal auxiliary 

verbs...

What does 'auxiliary' mean?

What is a lexical verb?
What is an auxiliary verb?

Copy the following sentence into your notebook

The cables that must have been supporting the suspension bridge have broken but that can not be the reason why the  bridge has collapsed. 

Circle or highlight the lexical verbs and underline the auxiliary verbs.

 

The cables that must have been supporting the suspension bridge have  broken but that can not be the reason why the  bridge has  collapsed. 

Which verbs are the primary auxiliary verbs?

primary auxiliary verbs 

Used to denote (=aanduiden) tense (also in questions or negations):

I am eating bread;  I was eating a donut.

They have eaten a sandwich; they had eaten a lot;

Do you eat bread? ; You did not  eat any bread yesterday.

What are modal auxiliary verbs?

Modal auxiliary verbs

Modal auxiliary verbs are

auxiliary verbs that are used to show a(n):

 ability, certainty, possibility, probability or obligation (=necessity). 

Unlike most verbs, there is only one form of these verbs.

verbs that can expres the same

to be allowed to - mogen/toestaan

(don't/didn't) mind - (niet) erg vinden

Must (expressing obligation)

Only 1 form: Must (e.g. no past tense, no perfect tense);

Use:

a)  When something is obliged (personally or from a source outside) or not allowed:

( My mother told me that ) I must wear sunscreen or I will get a sunburn. (personal obligation and an obligation from a source outside)

You must not park your bike in front of the school. (it is forbidden)

Must

b) to make deductions (= conclusies) when we are more or less certain about something:

You must be very tired, you worked so hard. (conclusie)

I must have left my notebook at home. (I do not know for sure)

Must vs Have to 

Must does not have a past or a perfect form so,

 If you need a past or a perfect form you use: 

Have to:  which can be used in all tenses:

Have to

has to  

had to

have had to

Must vs have to

Use: 

a)  An obligation made by someone else: 

You have to turn left here. 

You have to do your homework.

b) In the past:

I had to wear sunscreen last summer.

I had to park my bike at the back of the school.

must not vs do not have to

Must not: something is not allowed:

You must not leave your bag near the staircase in the hall.

Do not have to: something is not necessary:

You do not have to do your homework for tomorrow.

Should

a. expresses an obligation:  

You should work hard for your test. (zou moeten)

b. gives a recommendation: 

You should stop eating fast food. (zou eigenlijk moeten)

c. gives an opinion: 

Parents should not let their children play aggressive games. 

(zouden eigenlijk niet moeten)

 

Shall (present tense of should)

Use:

1. to make a suggestion:

    Shall we dance? Shall I go now?

2. for obligation in very formal situations:

    You shall obey the rules. Students shall not enter here.

    There shall be no food and drink on the premises.

Will Would

Both used: 

To offer something or to make an offer:

I will do the shopping today.

Would you be so kind as to call her?

Will

Use: 

1. to show desire, preference, choice or consent:

   I will accept your offer. Will you please be quiet?

2. to show the future:

    It will be a great party. I will probably go out tonight.

3. to express capability:

    The ship will take three hundred guests. This bottle will hold two litres of coca cola.

4. to express determination or insistence:

     I will pass my test with an 8. I will do as you say.

Would

Use:

1. to show preference

   I would rather go to the cinema today. 

2.  to show a wish

   I would like to have more free time.

3. for advice

   If I were you, I would study hard for this test.

Can 

Use:

1.  for ability:

     I can speak 5 languages. She can't sing.

2. for informal permission:

    Can I sit here? Can we leave now?

3. for requests or suggestions

    Can I have the bill? You can sit wherever you like.

Could

Use:

1. past ability:

     I could run ten kilometres when I was younger.

2.  for permission ( formal - polite):

      Could you repeat that again? Could I please go to the toilet?

3. for possibility: 

     This holiday could be really good. 

     You could go to to school when the lockdown is finished.

May

Use: 

1. for formal permission.

    May I come in? May I go to the toilet Miss?

2. to suggest a possibility

     It may rain this evening. They may be late.

Might

Use:

1. for an uncertain possibility

    It might be bad weather tomorrow. 

   Our teacher might come to  the party tonight.

ought to

Something that is desired/wanted/obligation

You ought to do your homework!

We ................ leave now or we will be late for class.

1. would
2. should
3. will
4. might

I .............. like a cup of tea, please.

1. will
2. would
3. should
4. have to

You do not ...... be quiet in that teacher's class. He is deaf.

1. must
2. will
3. have to
4. would

Sarah is such a talented singer. She ................ practise a lot.

1. must
2. may
3. can
4. would

Miss Arends, .............. I ask a question?

1. shall
2. must
3. should
4. may

The students ............. prefer having the test next week.

1. will
2. should
3. must
4. would

It ............. rain tomorrow so we’d better plan an indoor dinner.

1. can
2. might
3. must
4. should

Deductions about the past

Why were there no buses yesterday?

There must have been a strike.

There might have been an accident.

Deductions about the past

She failed her exams again. 

She can't have studied hard. 

She might have had a black out. 

Deducations about the past

Modal + present perfect

Modal + have + past participle

Past modal questions:
They ______ her bike. That was mean.

1. shouldn't have stolen
2. didn't have to steal
3. might not have stolen
4. ought to steal

We _______ at home instead of going out in the rain. Now we all have a cold.

1. should have stayed
2. had to stay
3. should
4. could have stayed

I _________ more for that exam. I completely failed.

1. ought to have studied
2. shouldn't have studied
3. was allowed to study
4. studied

So, do you undersstand what the modal auxiliaries are all about?

1. Yes
2. No

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