7. § 6.2 Unity and division in Europa

• Geschiedenis
• Middelbare school
• havo, vwo
• Leerjaar 3

Deepening
Explain with examples how the international balance of power is changing in Europe.

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Check WB opdr. § 6.2

Define the lesson objective in detail: Who, what, where, when, how and why.

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Deepening
Explain with examples how the international balance of power is changing in Europe.

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Make WB exercises 6.2

Why was NATO created?

1. The maintenance of peace and security in the world.
2. The security of non-Communist countries of Europe through military cooperation.
3. Tto create a common market for the coal and steel industries.
4. Free movement of goods, services, capital and persons between Member States.

After 1945, American influence brought peace to many parts of the world.
Which term applies to this?

1. Enduring freedom
2. Peacekeeper
3. Pax Americana
4. Blue helmets

NATO fought
in Afghanistan against ...

1. communism
2. (international) terrorism
3. drugs
4. nationalism

If a NATO member state does not pay sufficient 'dues' to NATO, NATO does not have to support it in the event of a possible attack by another country.

Yes

No

Why is there a small change Ukraine is will join NATO?

Is there a future for NATO?

Yes

Perhaps, if ...

No

Cold war

Nato vs Warsaw Pact

Current situation

Nato vs Russia

Nato

Russia

Nato

Warsaw Pact

Noord-Atlantische Verdrags Organisatie (NAVO)

NATO consists of 30 (blue) countries from Europe and North America and is financed by the member states who each contribute.

Goal
Ready to go to war to defend peace

• The organisation deploys political and military means to ensure the security and freedom of its 30 member states, and
  
• promote stability worldwide.

NATO cooperates with international organisations, such as the EU and the UN.

Nato

Russia

Current situation

Nato vs Russia

What does the NATO logo look like?

1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 

United Nations

Explain with examples how the international balance of power is changing in Europe.

Deepening

End of the Sovjet-Union

25 december 1991

• Many different peoples no longer want to belong to the Soviet Union.
  
• In 1991 the Soviet Union ceased to exist: large parts of the Soviet Union became independent countries, such as Ukraine, Belarus and Armenia.
  
• The part that remains goes on as Russia under the direction of Boris Yeltsin.

The European Union

1993

• At the end of the 1980s, the countries of the European Community wanted to cooperate even more.
  
• For example in the fields of: environment, crime and road safety.

United Kingdom: no €

Denmark: no €

Sweden: no €

Poland: no €

Hungary: no €

Romania: no €

Bulgaria: no €

Czech Republic: no €

map of Europe 1998

map of Europe 2008

Nieuwe machtsverhoudingen

• Grote veranderingen in Midden- en Oost-Europa.

• Veel onafhankelijke landen
  Uiteenvallen Tjecho-Slowakije en Joegoslavië

• Onder Poetin trekt Rusland weer aan Oost-Europese landen.
  

•     Major changes in Central and Eastern Europe.
•     Many independent countries
•     Breakup of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
•     Under Putin, Russia again draws on Eastern European countries.

international power relationships change in Europe

An authoritarian regime
In Putin's Russia, there is little room for criticism. Critics of the regime, such as Navalny, were/are often arrested and imprisoned. Putin opts for an authoritarian style of government: authority lies with him and his confidants. Elections are held regularly, but opponents of the regime do not get a fair chance. The state monitors the media and forces them to support Putin.

Return as a world power

In the 1990s, the situation in Russia was dramatically poor. . The Soviet empire had disintegrated and the economy was at a standstill.

In 2000 Vladimir Putin

became president. He felt

the decline was unbearable

and  and wanted to make

Russia a strong state, that

was internationally respected.

In order to get the economy going, he carried out far-reaching reforms. With the proceeds, he reinforced the army. In this way, he restored Russia's position of power from before.

Uprising in Ukraine
Putin doesn't want the West to have any influence in Russia's neighbouring countries. When Ukraine wanted to conclude a treaty with the EU, Putin was vehemently opposed to it. He put pressure on the Ukrainian president not to sign the treaty. But when he refused to sign, a bloody uprising broke out in Kiev. The Ukrainian president was deposed and a pro-Western government took over.

Annexation of Crimea

Putin found the change of power in Ukraine unacceptable. He wanted to punish the country and show the world that Russia would not allow itself to be overrun.

As a target he chose Crimea: a peninsula in the Black Sea, which Russia had given to Ukraine in 1954. In early 2014, Russian military forces took over power there. Here you see them at a blockade. A year later, Crimea was incorporated into Russia.

The disaster with flight MH-17
Simultaneously with the crisis in the Crimea, an uprising broke out in Eastern Ukraine. The rebels were assisted by Russian military.



On 17 July 2014, a passenger plane flying over on its way to Malaysia was hit by an anti-aircraft missile. The photo shows a fragment of the aircraft. 298 people lost their lives, including 196 Dutch citizens. According to investigators, Russian soldiers had fired the missile, but Putin rejected any responsibility.

The start of the war in Ukraine
After recognising the two separatist People's Republics of Donetsk and Lugansk on Ukrainian territory as independent states on 21 February, Putin, with the approval of the Russian Parliament, sent military personnel there under the guise of a 'peace mission'. On 24 February, Putin announced a 'special military operation' to 'demilitarise and denazify' Ukraine. Almost immediately afterwards, cruise missiles exploded in Kiev and other Ukrainian cities, and Russian ground troops invaded Ukraine from Russia, Belarus, and the occupied territories of Donetsk and Lugansk. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky responded by declaring martial law and general mobilisation.

With Putin's rise to power, you could actually say that ...

the tension between the Western and Eastern Bloc is back!

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Define the lesson objective in detail: Who, what, where, when, how and why.

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Deepening
Explain with examples how the international balance of power is changing in Europe.

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Check WB exercises 2.5, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3