Minor Civil War week 3

• Engels
• HBO
• Studiejaar 2

Today's lesson

• Review last week
• Significant Battles
• Changes in 1862
  
• The Role of Photography in the Civil War
  
• Discussion: The Confederate Flag in American culture (article series)
  

Review last week: can you explain?

• The pre-civil war era (North vs South)
  
• Slavery (hardships, rebellion and the South's dependency on it)
  
• Causes of the civil war (include Missouri compromise, Kansas-Nebraska Act->bleeding Kansas) 
  
• Why Lincoln wasn't an abolitionist, but was still viewed as one by some?
• Unionist/Confederate views on Government?
• What generals/presidents played a part in the war? 

Jefferson Davis->Elected president of the Confederate states of America

Lincoln->Elected in 1860, his election pushed America into the Civil War.

Ulysses S. Grant->Union

Confederates:

Robert E. Lee (Virgina or USA?; 'Lift my hand against my own state and people is impossible'; 1862 Command of the Army of Northern Virginia; Second Bull run, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg,  Battle of Fredericksburg

1862

Slavery causes a divide (again)

->Union soldiers left after hearing of Lincoln's plans to free slaves (preliminary Emancipation Proclamation of September 1862, to take effect on January 1st, 1863)

->Kentucky re-enslaved 'free' slaves: In March 1863 the legislature passed a law that in effect enslaved any black [person] entering the state who claimed freedom under the Emancipation Proclamation (Harrison, Lowell H. (1983) "Slavery in Kentucky: A Civil War Casualty," The Kentucky Review: Vol. 5 : No. 1 , Article 4)

Interesting read on Kentucky and slavery: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1222&context=kentucky-review

What made it possible for Kentucky to ignore the emancipation proclamation?

Lincoln made clear that if rebelling states ⁠— those part of the Confederate States of America ⁠— did not rejoin the Union then he would empower the U.S. Military to free enslaved people as they recaptured ground during the American Civil War. Only those states in open rebellion against the U.S. were subject to the proclamation. (Piercy, 2020. Juneteent Explained: 'History Doesn't Repeat Itself; People do.' UKNOW University News.)

Brainstorm:
If Kentucky wanted to hold on to slavery so much, why didn't they secede?

Exploiting black labor after the abolition of slavery (theconversation.com)

https://theconversation.com/exploiting-black-labor-after-the-abolition-of-slavery-72482

https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/kentucky-in-the-civil-war-1861-1862.html

Only two railroads ran from Kentucky southward. Had the state seceded, the North would have invaded more quickly than the South. Thus Kentuckians’ love of Union and their fears of losing their slaves, of invasion by large numbers of Federal troops, and of losing northern economic ties, kept the state from seceding. Fear of Northern emancipation efforts, disdain for the Lincoln administration, and sympathy for the South, kept them from joining the North.

1862

Economy

-> Inflation in the South (trade routes were cut off by the Union)

-> King Cotton diplomacy=burning to create a cotton shortage. Miscalculation caused the plan to backfire. Cotton famine: The shortfall in shipments from America stimulated cotton production in India, Egypt, and Brazil, which all increased their production in order to meet British demands.

->Europe was neutral, but some countries, such as France, did supply the confederacy.

->North: Income tax=more money for the war->'greenbacks'

Even better, with a French puppet government installed in Mexico City, Napoleon could provide guns to the Confederacy in exchange for Southern cotton, a scarce commodity in Europe thanks to Union shipping blockades

Funding the war

Who did/had what to get closer to victory?

The Union

The Confederacy 

Cause inflation to rise by cutting of trade routes

Approved an income tax measure

Benefitted from having seven of the eight military colleges in the country.

Had twice the density of railroads per square mile

Created ammunition from melted-down bells

Used the landscape to their advantage

According to what you know now, which side had the best chance at winning the war?

1. The North (Union)
2. The South (Confederacy)
3. -
4. -

Then why did it take them so long to win? 1861-1865

North: population, manufacturing, railroad construction

South: strong military tradition, some of the best soldiers and commanders in the nation, AND: they were fighting for a cause - to preserve their long-held traditions and institutions.

What was the first battle that showed the Union the war would not be won so easily?

1. Battle of Antietam
2. Siege of VIcksburg
3. First Battle of Bull Run
4. Battle of Manassas

North: Rivers&streams

South: nearby towns, railroad junctions

Early Battles

First Bull Run (Union defeat)

• Volunteer Union army ->south into Virginia July 18
  
• Near Washington, DC
  
• Union attack, initial success (McDowell&souvenirs)
  
• Confederates set up defences @ Manassas Junction
• Union defeat
  
• 800-900 dead in total, 3.000 captured/wounded
  

Union: 37.000

-volunteer army=not used to denying themselves much. McDowell in command

Early Battles part 2

Battle of Shiloh (Confederate defeat)

• Tennessee April 1862
  
• Surprise attack on Grant (by A.S. Johnston)
  
• Initial success, ultimate defeat (looting, hornet's nest)
  
• Grant criticized, Sherman becomes a hero
  
• Overwhelming number of casualties (around 18,000 in total)
  

Federal gunboats (type of warship) at night.

"No one but McClellan could have hesitated to attack" said Joseph E. Johnston after Yorktown

Note: difference between Joseph E. Johnston and Albert Sidney Johnston (died at Shiloh)

Major Battles

First Bull Run (Manassas) July 1861

Shiloh April 1862

Antietam (Sharpsburg) Sept. 1862

Fredericksburg Dec. 1862

Chancellorsville(Wilderness) May 1863

Gettysburg July 1863

Siege: Vicksburg May- July 1863

Siege: Petersburg June 1864-March 1865

Surrender: Appomattox April 1865

Antietam, Maryland Sept 1862

•              A victory needed by both sides
•           Sharpsburg, Maryland; September 1862
  
•           First major battle on Northern soil
  
•          Lee vs. McClellan (eventually removed from command)
  
•          South  was outnumbered two to one
  
•  Lee forced back into the South, but not really a northern victory          
  
•      23,000 casualties
  
•  Lincoln used this “victory” to announce the Emancipation 
  

        proclamation

Stalemate. Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which called on all Confederate states to rejoin the Union within 100 days—by January 1, 1863—or their slaves would be declared “thenceforward, and forever free.”

p. 129: Bloody Lane and a split confederate army: McClellan said it 'would not be prudent' to attack again 

Republicans in power = army was forbidden to return enslaved people to their master.

Union claimed victory because they kept the confederates in rebel states. = The Union’s claim of victory at Antietam and Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation are thought to be why Republicans held the House in the 1862 mid-term elections. They also ended any hope of France and Great Britain acknowledging the Confederacy and coming to their aid. This further isolated the Confederacy and made it harder for them to re-supply their troops and citizens. (History.com)

Battle of Fredericksburg

Fredericksburg, VA; December 1862 (4 days, Union defeat)

• ended Union campaign against Richmond
  
• Lee and Jackson
  
• Confederacy-superior defensive position
  
• 12,600 Union casualties vs. 5,300 Confederate casualties
  
• Burnside, yet another Union general, removed from command
  

 Burnside asked Lincoln to either relieve several generals from duty (he believed some of his generals had been insubordinate) or accept his resignation. Lincoln chose to remove Burnside from command, replacing him with General Joseph Hooker in January 1863

Quiz

The pontoon bridges, also the thing that (probably) kept the Union from winning.

We've talked about two major battles, which one comes to mind first and why?

Activity (15m)

You will be assigned one or two articles. Read and discuss them in order to:

• Explain to the group what was in your article with regard to the confederate flag.
  
• Voice your (group's) opinion on said articles.
  

Confederate flag and battle flag

• Reappearance of Battle Flag
  
• Army of Northern Virginia used it, but units also had their own flag. (might be interesting for the group who wants to talk about battles)
  
• A Birth of a Nation, film, used the flag and second KKK adopted it in 1915
• Dixiecrats(1948) used it in 1958 to counter the Civil Rights Movement.
• Lynyrd Skynyrd(rock band) and Dukes of Hazard (TV show) used it in 1970s

The Dixiecrats were determined to protect Southern states' rights to maintain racial segregation.

Interesting read: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/how-confederate-battle-flag-became-symbol-racism

https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-country/lynyrd-skynyrd-inside-the-bands-complicated-history-with-the-south-629080/ ->they blame it on the industry.

https://www.today.com/popculture/dukes-hazzard-stars-respond-confederate-flag-controversy-t186363

Topics to study and explain after week 1

• The pre-civil war era (North vs South)

• Slavery (hardships, rebellion, the South's dependency on it)
• 2 compromises, kansas-nebraska act, Bleeding Kansas
  
• Causes of the civil war (check uit the quizlet and study the main causes https://quizlet.com/nl/609679074/civil-war-causes-debate-flash-cards/)

Topics to study and explain after week 2

• Explain what 'King Cotton' is and how it helped the Confederacy.
  
• Give examples of what made the Union the likely winner of the war + explain why it took them a long time to win (give examples, could be battles, strategy, ingeniousness, commanders etc.)
• McLellan, Grant, Lee, Burnside why were/weren't they good commanders (use chapter 2 "Civil War" for this)
• Why were the battles of Antietam and Fredricksburg important victories?
  
• (https://www.history.com/news/7-ways-the-battle-of-antietam-changed-america)
  

• 
  

Homework

Scan all in “1863” but read these sections closely for these reasons:

• 157-161 for the role of disease and peace movements
• 162-9 on resistance inside the Confederacy

Note that Stonewall Jackson died at Chancellorsville

• 174-7 and 194-7 for the Battle and Siege of Vicksburg
  
• Scan 178-193 and/or watch the greatest battle in North American history, the Battle of Gettysburg to see the mythic horrors and bravery on both sides, especially of 20th Maine’s defense on the second day and Pickett’s Charge on the third day.
  

198-201 (…West”) on the Union draft

In case you're interested

Look at the ppt on Canvas (slides 13-22) for photos of the war. Photography brought the war to the people, ended romanticised notions of the war

In case you're interested! Dukes of Hazard

•  General Lee's Jump (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHihGPyxe10)
• Warner Bros removes REL car flag: old ones $220
  
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpnZmSRC4Fk
  
• Movie 2005– reactions in town (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1r8RNN8s84)
• Interview with former star (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxrBN8fbkFg)

In case you're interested! Flag and Alabama band

•  Lynyrd Skynyrd on Flag in 2012 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbY89XJHr1s)
• California concert 1977 Sweet Home Alabama, song in response to Southern Man by Neil Young, depicing all southerners as KKK members: (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GxWmSVv-cY)
• Other songs written back to the South: “Back in the USSR” by Beatles in response to “Georgia on my Mind” by Ray Charles in 1960s