Chapter 4 - Grammar Stepping Stones

• Engels
• Middelbare school
• vmbo t, mavo
• Leerjaar 4

Chapter 4 - Grammar 

Stepping Stones

Linking words (a type of conjunction): 

and, so, or, because, but, for example, finally, in fact, first of all, neither....nor, by contrast, however, in conclusion, finally, firstly etc. 

Transition or linking words

Giving a reason - because, therefore, hence

Giving special importance – in essence, more importantly, specifically

Giving a result – as a result, in summary,

Giving an example – for example, to illustrate, for instance

Giving a conclusion – in conclusion, in fact, finally, moreover

Sequencing events – firstly, secondly, then, next, afterwards, before

Adding information – in addition, plus, adding to that, moreover, further

Transition or linking words

Summarising – in conclusion, to summarise, finally, in short, briefly, this shows, to sum up

Expressing a different idea – although, besides, by contrast

Explaining something – That is why, thus, hence, therefore

Comparing (similarities) - similarly, likewise, compared to , like, just like,

Contrasting (differences) - by contrast, despite, on the other hand

Cause and result - consequently, so that, as a result, therefore

Conditions – if, in case, provided, unless 

Used to

You use used to if you want to say that something happened in the past or was true in the past.

e.g.

He used to work in a restaurant

The playground used to be close to my house 

Present Simple

Present simple – Talk about facts, habits, and things that happen often.

Signal words – everyday, always often etc.

SHIT rule - -s achter werkwoord by she-he-it

e.g. I eat breakfast every morning

She eats breakfast every morning

The train leaves at 10.00 am 

Present Continuous

Present continuous – talk about things happening now

Is, am, are + Ww + -ing

Signal words – now, at the moment, right now

e.g

The children are playing in the garden

I am studying at the moment

He is going home now 

Past Simple

Past simple – talks about something that happened in the past

Signal words – yesterday, last year, last night

+: 2e rij onregelmatig / ww + -ed

-: Did not (je past de ww niet aan)

?: Did + ? (je past de ww niet aan)

e.g. I ate breakfast / I did not eat breakfast / Did I eat breakfast? 

Past Continuous

Past continuous – talks about something that happened for a long time in the past

Was – I/she/ he/ it

Were – you/we / they

Ww + -ing

e.g. I was doing my homework / They were doing their homework 

Present Perfect

Present perfect – talk about something that happened or started in the past and is true or important now. You can talk about experiences.

Signal words: for, yet, never, ever, always, also, just, since

Has - she/ he/ it +: 3e rij onregelmatig / ww + -ed 

Have – I/ you/we / they +: 3e rij onregelmatig / ww + -ed 

e.g. I have eaten already / She has not eaten yet.

Future simple - Will

Future simple – Will – You can offer, promise, or predict something

Will + ww

e.g. I will eat breakfast later

She will open the door 

Future Simple - (be) going to (be)

Future simple – Be going to (be) - You can talk about plans that you haven't organised yet

(be) going to (be) + ww

e.g. They are going to visit next month

I am going to go to Spain on holiday 

Future continuous

Future continuous – You can say that something will probably be happening at a specific time in the future

Will + be + ww+ -ing

e.g. By this time next week, I will be sitting on the beach 

Both and Every

These words are used before the word they say something about

Both = beide

Used to talk about people, animals, or things 

 e.g. Both of my exams went well today

Every = elk(e)

Used to talk about three or more people, animals, or things. You use the singular form of the word that comes after every.

e.g. Every time we go there, I have fun  

All and No

These words are used before the word they say something about

All = alle

Used to talk about a whole group. You use the plural form of the word that comes after all.

e.g All students were made aware of the situation

No = geen

Use no when you mean geen

e.g. There are no lessons planned for 4A today.