Unit 17

Unit 17
Conjunctions and connectors
Before, hardly, first(ly), etc.
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Slide 1: Slide
EngelsMiddelbare schoolvwoLeerjaar 4

This lesson contains 18 slides, with interactive quizzes and text slides.

time-iconLesson duration is: 50 min

Items in this lesson

Unit 17
Conjunctions and connectors
Before, hardly, first(ly), etc.

Slide 1 - Slide

Which of these do you think learner drivers find most difficult?
reversing around vorners
parking
getting into the correct lane
driving at night
overtaking
starting on a hill
changing gear
using the rear-view mirror

Slide 2 - Poll

In what order do Sahar and Claudio mention the advantages?
Sahar:
1

2

3

4
Claudio:
1

2

3

4
Sahar:
Claudio:
he passed on useful tips
he was always encouraging
he used a dual-control car
he could tell when she was ready to take her test
she was calm most of the time
he got lots of time to practise
she knew a quiet place to practise
he didn't have to pay for lessons

Slide 3 - Drag question

Look at the sentences.
Which one is correct
A
Although it’s expensive having driving lessons, I’d really recommend it.
B
As long as it’s expensive having driving lessons, I’d really recommend it.
C
Apart from it’s expensive having driving lessons, I’d really recommend it.

Slide 4 - Quiz

Therefore..
  • It is important to use the right connector or conjunction.

  • They can change the meaning of a sentence!

Slide 5 - Slide

Which words do you know that
can be used to connect clauses
and sentences to each other?

Slide 6 - Mind map

The list is quite extensive
(al)though, albeit, all in all, all the same, also, as, as a matter of fact, as a result of, as far as ... concerned, as for, as soon as, as well as, at first, at last, because, because of, besides, but, by the way, consequently, conversely, despite, due to, even if, even so, finally, first, first of all, first(ly), for example, for instance, for the most part, generally, however, if, in addition, in brief, in comparison with, in conclusion, in contrast, in fact, in general, in order to, in other words, in short, in spite of, in the end, in the first place, in the meantime/meanwhile, in the same way, in the second place, in the third place, indeed, instead, last of all, lastly, likewise, moreover, namely, nevertheless, next, nonetheless, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, on top of that, plus the fact that, put differently, regarding, second(ly), similarly, since, so (that), talking of, that is (to say), that's (the reason why), the reason why, then, therefore, third(ly), though, thus, till, to begin with, to illustrate, to sum up, until, whatever, what's more, whereas, whether, while, why, with regard to, yet

Slide 7 - Slide

Do you need to know all of them?
  • NO SILLY PANTS!!

Slide 8 - Slide

The good thing is
You probably already know many of them and how to use them. 
However, there are some things you should be reminded of!

Slide 9 - Slide

Before & Until
Sometimes we can use these words, with little meaning in difference.
  • She wouldn’t let me drive before I could control the car well.
  • She wouldn’t let me drive until I could control the car well.

  • But: 
    We use until, not before, when an action continues to a particular time and then stops.
I have to go to school until I get my diploma.

Slide 10 - Slide

Hardly, no sooner & scarcely
After hardly and scarcely we usually begin the second clause with when or before:
  • We had hardly stepped out of the house when it began to rain.
  • The city had scarcely changed in the past 20 years before it was renovated completely.

After no sooner we use than or when.
  • I had no sooner passed my test than/when my friends started asking me for lifts.

  • We often use the past perfect with hardly, scarcely and no sooner and the past simple in the other clause.

Slide 11 - Slide

First(ly), at first, last(ly), at last
We use first or firstly to label the first point in a list:
  • First(ly), I would like to talk about…

We end the list with last or lastly:
  • Lastly, we should think about…

We use at first to indicate a contrast between two past situation:
  • At first I thought there were no people in the room.

We use at last to show that something has finally happened:
  • At last he arrived with the donuts.

To end a list we do not use at last, but finally or lastly:
  • Finally/Lastly, this is really important because...

Slide 12 - Slide

However
However can be used in three ways.

  1. As a connector:
    I don’t know him. However, he still came sitting next to me.

  2. As an adverb:
    My instructor never got annoyed, however bad I was driving.

  3. As a conjunction when it means in ‘what ever way’
However I had the mirror positioned, I just couldn’t see the back of my car.

Slide 13 - Slide

On the other hand & on the contrary
On the other hand is used to compare or contrast two statements.

  • School is boring. On the other hand, it is quite useful.

On the contrary is used to reject a statement.
  • Speaker A: School is boring.
  • Speaker B: On the contrary, it is a lot of fun.

Slide 14 - Slide

Synonyms
Sometimes you can use several linking words with the same meaning:
  • School is boring, because / since / as I never learn anything new. That is (why) / Therefore, / So, I'd rather stay at home. I would miss some of my teacher, for example / for instance my English teacher.
  • NOT!

Slide 15 - Slide

Exercise 3.1 (page 122)
In pairs/groups of three:
Match the items joining them with the conjunction or sentence connector given between parentheses "()".

Slide 16 - Slide

Answers
2. H: She always finds time to talk to students no matter how busy she is. / No matter how busy she is, she…

3. A: The restaurant’s closed next Monday because it’s… / Because it’s a public holiday…

4. E: He’s a seismologist. That is to say he studies earthquakes.

5. F: Tuition fees have been increased. As a result the number of applications have fallen.

6. C: We travelled much faster once we got to the motorway. / Once we got…

7. B: The government is being urged to build more nuclear power stations. However such a move would be controversial.

8. G: He was wearing the same clothes as me except that his shoes were black.

Slide 17 - Slide

Continue
In pairs / groups of three:
Continue working on exercises 3.2 - 3.4 on page 122 & 123.
Check the answers with the key in the back of your book.

Slide 18 - Slide