13.3 Hydroxy compounds

• Chemistry
• Secondary Education
• Age 12,13

USES OF HALOGENOALKANES

Organic Chemistry

07 March 2024

Uses of CFCs

• Chlorofluorocarbons are compounds containing carbon with chlorine and fluorine atoms attached. Two common CFCs are CFC-11 or Freon-11 (CCl3F) and CFC-12 or Freon-12 (CCl2F2).

Effects of CFCs to the environment

• destruction of the ozone layer (O3)

HYDROXY COMPOUNDS

Organic Chemistry

07 March 2024

• use the information from the given diagrams to describe the properties of alcohols
• describe reactions that alcohols undergo

Learning expectations

HYDROXY COMPOUNDS

Organic Chemistry

07 March 2024

• Compounds in which an -OH group has replaced one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane

ALCOHOLS

CLASSIFICATIONS

EXAMPLES

HYDROXY COMPOUNDS

Organic Chemistry

07 March 2024

• soluble in water
• solubility decreases as the number of carbon atoms increases
• have higher boiling points than the alkanes with similar Mr 

Properties of Alcohols

HYDROXY COMPOUNDS

Organic Chemistry

07 March 2024

• Combustion
• Dehydration to give alkenes
• Reaction with sodium
• Substitution to give halogenoalkanes
• Oxidation
• Esterification

Reactions of alcohols

• Reagent : Oxygen supply
• Condition : Heat
• Product : Carbon dioxide(and carbon monoxide) and water

COMBUSTION

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile

• Reagent : Excess concentrated sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄ or hot
• Catalyst : aluminium oxide, Al₂O₃
• Condition : Heat at about 170 °C
• Product : Alkenes

DEHYDRATION

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile

• Reagent : Excess concentrated sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄ or hot
• Catalyst : aluminium oxide, Al₂O₃
• Condition : Heat at about 170 °C
• Product : Alkenes

DEHYDRATION of complicated alcohol

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile

• Reagent : Sodium metal, Na
• Condition : Room temperature
• Product : Alkoxides and hydrogen gas

REACTION WITH SODIUM METAL, Na

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile

• Reagent : hydrogen halide, HX
• Product : Halogenoalkane

SUBSTITUTION TO GIVE HALOGENOALKANES

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile

• Reagent : phosphorus halide, PCl₅/PCl₃/PBr₃/PI₃
• Product : Halogenoalkane, white fumes of hydrogen chloride gas

SUBSTITUTION TO GIVE HALOGENOALKANES

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile

• Reagent : thionyl chloride, SOCl₂
• Product : Halogenoalkane, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride

SUBSTITUTION TO GIVE HALOGENOALKANES

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile

• Reagent : Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K₂Cr₂O₇ or acidified potassium manganate(VI), KMnO₄
• Condition : Heat under reflux
• Products : 
• Primary alcohol - Aldehydes and carboxylic acids
• Secondary alcohol - Ketones
• Tertiary alcohol - Will not be oxidised

OXIDATION

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile

• Reagent : Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K₂Cr₂O₇ or acidified potassium manganate(VI), KMnO₄
• Condition : Heat under reflux
• Products : 
• Primary alcohol in excess - Aldehydes and carboxylic acids

OXIDATION 1

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile

• Reagent : Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K₂Cr₂O₇ or acidified potassium manganate(VI), KMnO₄
• Condition : Heat under reflux
• Products : 
• Primary alcohol (limited) - Aldehydes and carboxylic acids

OXIDATION 1

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile

• Reagent : Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K₂Cr₂O₇ or acidified potassium manganate(VI), KMnO₄
• Condition : Heat under reflux
• Products : 
• Secondary alcohol - Ketones

OXIDATION 2

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile

• Reagent : Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K₂Cr₂O₇ or acidified potassium manganate(VI), KMnO₄
• Condition : Heat under reflux
• Products : 
• Secondary alcohol - Ketones

OXIDATION 2

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile

SUMMARY OF OXIDATION REACTIONS

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile

• Reagent : Carboxylic acid
• Condition : Heat under reflux with concentrated sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄ as catalyst
• Products : Esters (derivatives of carboxylic acids)

ESTERIFICATION

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile

• Reagent : Carboxylic acid
• Condition : Heat under reflux with concentrated sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄ as catalyst
• Products : Esters (derivatives of carboxylic acids)

ESTERIFICATION

it can also happen with water molecule as a nucleophile